✓ . VOL. X JANUARY 1956 NO. 1 PACIFIC SCIENCE A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES OF THE PACIFIC REGION IN THIS ISSUE: Miller, Murai and Pen — Pandanus Fruit as Food • King and Ikehara — Unusual Fishes of Central Pacific • Dawson — Marine Algae of Southern Marshalls • Bayer — Hawaiian Octocorals (2. Gorgona- cea: Scleraxonia) • St.John — Keys to Flora Micronesica (1933) • Halstead and Schall — Poisonous Fishes of Cocos Island UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS BOARD OF EDITORS Leonard D. Tuthill, Editor-in-Chief Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Hawaii O. A. Bushnell, Associate Editor Department of Bacteriology, University of Hawaii Marion P. Goddard, Assistant to the Editors Office of Publications and Information, University of Hawaii Albert H. Banner Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Hawaii Vernon E. Brock Division of Fish and Game Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry Honolulu, Hawaii William A. Gosline Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Hawaii William Hoar Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Marie C. Neal Botanist, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii Harold S. Palmer Professor Emeritus of Geology University of Hawaii Hans Pettersson Oceanografiska Institutet Goteborg, Sweden G. Donald Sherman Chemist, University of Hawaii Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Harold St. John Department of Botany University of Hawaii Albert L. Tester Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Hawaii R. H. Van Zwaluwenburq Yaichiro Okada Dean, Faculty of Fisheries Prefectural University of Mie Otanimachi, Tsu, Mie Prefecture Japan Thomas Nickerson, Managing Editor Office of Publications and Information, University of Hawaii Entomologist Experiment Station Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association Honolulu, Hawaii SUGGESTIONS Contributions to Pacific biological and physical science will be welcomed from authors in all parts of the world. (The fields of anthropology, agriculture, engineering, and medicine are not included.) Manu- scripts may be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, PACIFIC SCIENCE, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 14, Hawaii, or to individual members of the Board of Editors. Use of air mail is recommended for all communications. Manuscripts will be acknowledged when received and will be read promptly by members of the Board of Editors or other competent critics. Authors will be notified as soon as possible of the decision reached. TO AUTHORS Manuscripts of any length may be submitted, but it is suggested that authors inquire concerning possi- bilities of publication of papers of over 30 printed pages before sending their manuscript. Authors should not overlook the need for good brief papers, presenting results of studies, notes and queries, communications to the editor, or other commentary. Preparation of Manuscript Although no manuscript will be rejected merely because it does not conform to the style of PACIFIC SCIENCE, it is suggested that authors follow the style recommended herein and exemplified in the journal. ( Continued on inside back cover) PACIFIC SCIENCE A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES OF THE PACIFIC REGION VOL. X JANUARY 1956 NO. 1 Previous issue published October 26, 1955 CONTENTS PAGE The Use of Pandanus Fruit as Food in Micronesia. Carey D. Miller, Mary Murai, and Florence Pen 3 Some Unusual Fishes From the Central Pacific. Joseph E. King and Isaac I. Ikehara 17 Some Marine Algae of the Southern Marshall Islands. E. Yale Dawson . . . 25 Descriptions and Redescriptions of the Hawaiian Octo corals Collected by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross” (2. Gorgonacea: Scleraxonia). Frederick M. Bayer 67 A Translation of the Keys in the Flora Micronesica (1933 ) of Ryozo Kanehira. Harold St. John 96 A Report on the Poisonous Fishes Captured During the Woodrow G. Krieger Expedition to Cocos Island. Bruce W. Halstead and Donald W. Schall . .103 Pacific Science is published quarterly by the University of Hawaii Press, in January, April, July, and October. Subscription price is $3.00 a year; single copies are $1.00. Check or money order payable to University of Hawaii should be sent to University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 14, Hawaii, U.S.A. The Use of Pandanus Fruit As Food in Micronesia1 Carey D. Miller, Mary Murai, and Florence Pen2 The pandanus, sometimes called screw pine, is widely distributed in Southeast Asia and all the tropical Pacific islands, but according to Dr. Harold St. John, Professor of Botany at the University of Hawaii, it is only in Kapingamarangi and the Marshall, Gilbert, and Ellice Islands that one finds the varieties with choice edible fruit. On the small and relatively dry low islands or atolls, pandanus and coconuts are the principal and sometimes the only vegetable foods. Almost all parts of the pandanus plant are used by the inhabitants of these islands, the 1 Published with the approval of the Director as Technical Paper No. 333, University of Hawaii Agricul- tural Experiment Station. This work has been a joint project of, and financially supported by, three agencies: The Pacific Science Board of the National Research Council provided a fellowship under which Mary Murai did the field work and made some of the analyses. The United States Department of Agriculture, through a contract sponsored by the Human Nutrition Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, pro- vided the funds for most of the food analyses, which were made by Florence Pen. The Foods and Nutrition Department of the Uni- versity of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station fur- nished the laboratory, the equipment, and the necessary overhead, as well as the financial cost of the supervision for the analyses of the foods and the preparation of the manuscript by Carey D. Miller. Pandanus was only one of the foods studied under this project. The complete publication will appear elsewhere. 2 Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Manuscript received August 26, 1954. leaves provide material for clothing and shel- ter, and for household use such as baskets and mats. The chief edible part is the fruit, especially the fleshy base of the keys. There are two distinct sexes of trees for all varieties, male (staminate) and female (pis- tillate). The pistillate trees bear fruits of dif- ferent sizes, varying from the inedible ones 3 or 4 inches in diameter, which weigh a pound or less, to the very large edible fruits weighing 20 to 30 pounds (see Fig. 1). A 30-pound fruit has approximately 50 keys and a core and stem weighing about 2 pounds. Each fruit is made up of many small sec- tions called keys (botanically a phalange), because though irregular in shape, they fit closely together to form a solid fruit. In a large fruit the keys are 3 to 4 inches long; at the outer end they are 1 Vi to 2 inches in diameter and at the inner end near the core M to 1 inch (see Fig. 2). The rough outer surface may be green or yellow when ripe, but the inner edible end is always yellow- orange in color. The inedible varieties have fruits which, though smaller, look just like the edible types, but they are extremely astringent and bitter. The chemical analyses and studies of the nutritive values of pandanus fruit reported in this paper were made on fruits from Micro- nesia: Majuro and Mille Atolls of the Mar- shall Islands and Kapingamarangi of the Caroline Islands. 3 4 PACIFIC SCIENCE, VoL X, January, 1956 USE AS FOOD The earliest account of the edible pandanus fruit and its use by the natives of the Marshall Islands is by Kotzebue (1821, 2: 8) who early in 1816, when he first touched at the Radak Island chain, observed "they had nothing with them except a few grains of pandanus, which they constantly chewed." Kotzebue and Chamisso, the naturalist who accompanied the expedition, tell of being served "pandanus juice" which was pressed from the keys after they were bruised with a stone and which Kotzebue states, "had a sweet and spicy taste" (1821, 2: 10). Discussing the abundant pandanus, Cham- isso stated: "It is also diligently cultivated; numerous varieties, with improved fruits, which are to be ascribed to cultivation, are propagated by layers" (Kotzebue, 1821, 3: 150). Fig. 1. Pandanus Fruit— Joibeb. From Ebon, Mar- shall Islands; weight 1924 pounds. Kotzebue (1821, 2: 75) opined that "the pandanus contains very little nourishment,” but noted that the natives "enjoy extraor- dinary health, and attain to an advanced and cheerful old age." His picture of the teeth, however, is quite in contrast to that of some of the early voyagers who remarked on the fine teeth of the Polynesians (Cook, 1784, 1: 380; King, 1784, 3: 125; Ellis, 1832-36, 1: 81). Kotzebue states: "All the islanders are Fig. 2. A single key from a large Lojekerer, side and end views. Sketch by M. Higa. great lovers of sweet things; and their chief food, which they draw from the sweet pan- danus fruit, is probably the reason, that even children of 10 years old have not good teeth, and that they have generally lost them all in the prime of life" (1821, 2: 17). Chamisso (Kotzebue, 1821, 3: 150) gives a rather detailed account of the making of pandanus paste (mokan), which is essentially the same method used today. He also ob- served that the paste was "carefully preserved as a valuable stock for long voyages.” Pandanus has apparently always been an important food in the Marshall as well as the Gilbert Islands as it figures prominently in their folklore and is commonly considered to have come with their creation (Grimble, 1933-34, 54: 85, 97; James Milne, personal communication) . Selection and propagation must have been practiced by these isolated people for many years in order to have developed the fine edible varieties which are limited in their distribution. No edible pandanus was in evidence when the dietary study was made in the Caroline Islands (Murai, 1954), but it was thought that it might have been out of season. Cham- isso (Kotzebue, 1821, 3: 184) states that at the time of their visit (1817) that although Uses of Pandanus — Miller, et al 5 the pandanus grows on all the islands, "the fruit is neither eaten, nor ever used for an ornament. None of the improved kinds are found there.” In the Marshall Islands, each household owns some pandanus trees which may be near the house or at some distance from the dwell- ing. When ripe and ready for use, the large fruits are cut from the tree with a bush knife and the keys broken apart to be eaten raw or cooked. Pandanus was in season in the Marshall Islands from January to the end of May, 1951, and at the time the dietary study was made in April both pandanus and breadfruit were being used (Murai, 1954: 14). On the low islands, pandanus is one of the important foods between breadfruit seasons, and, when breadfruit is abundant, pandanus may or may not be used. The most common method of eating pan- danus is to gnaw at the soft inner ends, leav- ing the long tough fibers attached to the keys. Children and adults seem to chew the keys almost continuously during their waking hours. People eat them much as Westerners might eat nuts or candy or smoke cigarettes. Chewing pandanus keys, talking and gossip- ing are an important part of their social life. Records of the amounts eaten and the nu- trients furnished are given in the section on Composition and Nutritive Value. The hard portion of the keys is used as fuel. The inedible ends also contain the seeds which can be removed only with great diffi- culty because they are enclosed in an un- usually tough woody case and people rarely bother to extract them, although they are sometimes eaten. In the raw state, the edible portion of the pandanus is merely a juice pressed from the cells embedded in coarse fibers. It is not a pulp but a liquid which when extracted in the laboratory has a small portion of solid material that settles to the bottom of a beaker. The juice is sweet and subacid with a pungent aromatic flavor. When cooked the starch causes the juice to thicken and the edible portion becomes a soft pulp, resembling mashed sweet potatoes both in color and in texture. The flavor is similar to the raw juice. If a good supply of other foods is available, the pandanus keys are more likely to be eaten in the raw state because people simply do not bother to cook them. But when the pandanus constitutes a large proportion of the diet (such as was observed in February, 1951, at Mejit Island, Mejit Atoll; Utirik Island, Utirik Atoll; and Ailuk Island, Ailuk Atoll; in the drier northern Marshall Islands), it is eaten cooked as well as raw, probably to add vari- ety. It is also combined with other foods as listed below. A glossary of the names of edible pandanus fruit, and products made from it, which were observed by one of us (M.M.) in the Mar- shall Islands in 1951 is as follows: Bop— The pandanus tree or the whole fruit made up of many keys. Kobeo — Raw pandanus fruit. Eroum — Boiled or baked pandanus. Joanrong — Pandanus juice. Mokan— Cooked and preserved pandanus pulp (see below for preparation). Bern— Soft pulp from boiled pandanus cooked with arrowroot flour to produce a sweet dessert. Mokanrul — Pulp of cooked pandanus fruit mixed with grated coconut and baked. Jakaka — Shredded fresh (uncooked) panda- nus which is dried for almost one week and used as a confection. The native people in most of the islands still make all the products from pandanus which their ancestors made. But where west- ern influence is strong, or where more favor- able conditions permit growing a greater variety of foods, they no longer preserve the pandanus, though they continue to enjoy it in the raw or freshly cooked state. Two prod- ucts which we analyzed, that can be stored and used for emergency or as wanted, pan- danus paste and pandanus flour, are described below. 6 Fund anus Paste (. Mokan ) Wherever the pandanus constituted an im- portant native food in the fresh and cooked state pandanus paste was also made, and is still made in some areas. Many reports of scientists in the 19th and 20th centuries tell of the preparation of pan- danus paste which they also refer to as pan- danus conserve or preserve (Kotzebue, 1821, 3: 150; Finsch, 1893: 142; Kramer, 1906: 427; Kurze, 1887; Wendler, 1911: 271). Details of the process may vary slightly in different localities but in general the paste is made as follows: The separated pandanus keys are cooked in a deep earth oven with alternating layers of fruit and leaves for as long as 2 days, though one report states for 12 hours (Wendler, 1911: 271). Fig. 3. Beka of traditional Marshallese type from Arno Atoll, Marshall Islands, collected in 1950 by Dr. Leonard Mason. Sketch by F. Pen. The soft ends of the keys are rubbed against a scraper (formerly of shell, Fig. 3, but now more likely of metal) and the orange pulp is collected and dried on leaves. When it be- comes a sticky mass, it is dried further over hot stones until it is thick and rather firm. The flat cakes are then rolled or pressed into a firm mass, wrapped in plaited pandanus leaves and firmly tied with coconut cord as shown in Figure 4. These rolls are reported to have been of enormous size formerly— 6 feet long and more than 1 foot in diameter (Finsch, 1893: 142; Kurze, 1887; Wendler, 1911: 271). To- day they are more likely to be 12 to 15 inches long and 3 or 4 inches in diameter (Fig. 4). The model shown in Figure 5 is only 8 inches long. PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 4. Roll of pandanus paste in lauhala wrappings, collected at Mille Atoll by Dr. Kenneth P. Emory. One account of the preparation of pandanus paste (Wendler, 1911: 272) calls attention to the unsanitary methods employed in making it, but probably they were no less sanitary than the handling of other foods. The product is brown in color and tastes much like date or fig paste. It will keep a year or more and was formerly an important man- ner of preparing food for use on voyages and for storage in case of famine as well as for a regular food supply when the pandanus was not in season (see p. 4). Fig. 5. Model roll of pandanus paste, collected at Majuro Atoll, by M. Murai. Uses of Pandanus — Miller, et al 7 Pandanus Flour Although the accounts of anthropologists (Buck, 1950: 29; Grimble, 1933-34: 36) vary somewhat as to the method of making the dried product, referred to as "pandanus flour," they agree on the essential points which are here summarized. The soft ends of the keys are cut off, placed in some type of coconut basket and cooked, usually by steaming in an earth oven until tender, about 1 hour. The cooked fruits are pounded to a paste which is made into large thick flat cakes, about 14 inches in diameter, which are dried (Buck, 1950: 29). In some places they are dried in the sun and finished over a grill of hot stones, and in other places they are dried over the hot stones first and then placed in the sun. The sun drying may take several days. They are usually given a final drying over hot stones and then the large crisp cakes are broken and pounded to a coarse flour-like consistency. The product is dull yellow with a pleasant pungent odor. It can be stored in tubular containers made of plaited pandanus leaves and will keep for several years. Grimble (1933-34: 39) reports that formerly pandanus flour and water were often the only food and drink taken on long voyages. The powder was simply mixed with water and drunk. Dr. Katharine Luomala of the Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, who made observations in the Gilbert Islands in the latter half of 1948, especially on the Island of Tabiteuea, says that she saw both pandanus flour and pandanus paste being made (per- sonal communication). To our knowledge the pandanus is not made into a flour in the Marshall Islands as it is in the Gilberts and in Kapingamarangi. SAMPLES ANALYZED The number of edible varieties of Pandanus in the Marshalls is uncertain, but St. John states that he has collected several score (per- sonal communication). One of us (M.M.), collected what were believed to be two native varieties of edible pandanus for chemical analyses, but St. John, who has examined the keys, believes them to be the same botanical species. Lojekerer (local name), Pandanus pulposus Martelli: This variety is the most common and widely distributed in the Radak chain. Four fruits on Majuro Island in April and May, 1951, had the following weights: 23, 32, 25, and 30 pounds. The keys are large, 3 to 4 inches long, Wi to 2 inches in diameter, and weigh from about 3 to 7 ounces (100 to 200 grams) (Fig. 2). They are eaten both raw and cooked. According to our informants this variety usually fruits but once a year. Our samples were obtained toward the end of the fruiting season. Joibeb (local name), Pandanus pulposus Mar- telli: This variety, which according to our informants, is also widely distributed, was thought to have originated on Jaluit of the Ralik chain. Four fruits on Majuro Island in April and May, 1951, had the following weights: 24, 30, 20, and 25 pounds. These fruits also had large keys. We were informed that on Jaluit and Ebon, this variety usually fruits twice a year. Under Composition and Nutritive Value, for clarity, we refer to the fresh pandanus by the two local names as if they were two horticultural varieties. Sample 1. Pandanus , Fresh 1. Marshallese name— Lojekerer. Pandanus pulposus Martelli. 2. Date and place of collection: May 20, 1951. Uliga Island, Majuro Atoll. 3. Date vitamin assays begun: October 11, 1951. (Other analyses were made at a later date with repetition of moisture content to determine if there had been any loss as a result of freezer-storage.) 8 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 4. Preparation of sample after collection: Keys from three fruits, each from a differ- ent tree, were weighed, wrapped in groups of three in several thicknesses of wax pa- per, labeled, and placed in the freezer. 5. Transportation and storage: Frozen at 0° F. and held in Navy cold storage for 8 days. Kept frozen at 12° F. on a Navy vessel for 9 days enroute to Honolulu. Transferred to Foods and Nutrition Department, Uni- versity of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. The samples were examined and rewrapped in the same wax papers with an outer wrapping of aluminum foil. The keys were kept in freezer- storage at 0° to — 5° F. until analyses were made. 6. Preparation for analyses: Samples were thawed in the refrigerator and then brought to room temperature. Total weights of keys and weights of edible portions were re- corded. Edible portions were cut into small pieces and blended in the Waring Blendor without addition of liquid. The coarser fibers were removed by putting slurry through two thicknesses of cheesecloth to obtain a value more representative of the portion actually eaten. The juice so ex- tracted was put into brown glass bottles filled with carbon dioxide, closed tightly with bakelite tops, labeled and held at 0° F. until all analyses had been made. Refuse, 59 per cent. Method of Crude Fiber Analyses: To remove a large portion of the sugars from the pan- danus samples to be analyzed for crude fiber, the samples were weighed, transferred quan- titatively to filter paper in funnels, and ex- tracted with distilled water in the refrigerator for almost 2 weeks. (Refrigeration was nec- essary to prevent the growth of molds.) The water extracted residues were dried on the filter papers for 48 hours, below 70° C, and then extracted with ether in the usual manner. The ether extracted residues and the attached filter paper were used for the crude fiber determinations. A blank of filter paper was run simultaneously with each of the triplicate determinations of fiber. Sample 2, Fandanus , Boiled 1, 2, and 3 same as sample 1. 4. Preparation of sample after collection: Keys from the same fruit as sample 1 were boiled without a cover in a large glass beaker of plain water for 30 minutes. The water was drained off and the keys cooled. Keys were weighed and labeled as stated for sample 1. 5. Transportation and storage: Same as sam- ple 1. 6. Preparation for analyses: Same as sample 1, except that in addition to cutting off the soft ends, any soft juicy pulp remaining in the fibers was scraped out with a dull knife and added to the soft ends before mixing in the Waring Blendor. Refuse, 65 per cent. Sample 3, Fandanus , Fresh 1. Marshallese name— Joibeb. Fandanus pul- posus Martelli. 2. Date and place of collection: May 15, 1951. Majuro Island, Majuro Atoll. 3. Date vitamin assays begun: October 11, 1951. Other analyses same as sample 1. 4. Preparation of sample after collection: Keys from three fruits from three different trees, prepared in the same manner as sam- ple 1. 5. Transportation and storage: Same as sam- ple 1, but product held in Navy cold stor- age for 13 days before shipping. 6. Preparation for analyses: Same as sample 1. Refuse, 66 per cent. Sample 4 , Fandanus , Boiled 1, 2, and 3 same as sample 3. 4. Preparation of sample after collection: Keys from same three fruits as sample 3 were boiled in plain water in a large glass beaker for 30 minutes without a cover. After cooling, the soft end of the keys was Uses of Pandanus — Miller, et al 9 scraped with a dull knife to remove the pulp that constitutes the edible portion. The following were mixed in a Waring Blendor: 164 grams of pulp, 90 milliliters of 1 per cent oxalic acid, and shortly before slurry was completely blended, 5 milli- liters of chloroform and 3 drops of mixed tocopherols were added. The samples were transferred to brown glass bottles, the plastic caps screwed down tightly and sealed with paraffin wax. Refuse, 75 per cent. 5. Transportation and storage: Bottles were kept at 36° F. at Uliga, Marshall Islands, until shipped by plane on May 29, 1951. The bottles were packed in cartons and shipped by air without refrigeration. The flight took 2 hours to Kwajalein, bottles were refrigerated at 36° F. in a Navy reefer during a stopover of 20 hours at Kwaja- lein. The flight from Kwajalein to Hono- lulu took 9 hours during which time they were not refrigerated. Samples were transferred to the Foods and Nutrition Laboratory and kept at 36° F. until analyzed. Sample 3, Pandanus Paste 1. Marshallese name— Mokan. 2. Date and place of collection: Summer of 1949. Mille Atoll, Marshall Islands, by Dr. Emory. 3. Date vitamin assays begun: October 10, 1949, except carotene which was deter- mined in January, 1951. 4. Preparation: Similar to method described on page 6, but exact times of cooking and drying are not known. Thin slices were made into a roll approximately 3 inches in diameter and 14 inches long, covered with plaited pandanus, and tied securely wtih sennet (see Fig. 4). 5. Transportation and storage: Transported by ship without refrigeration to Honolulu. Brought to the Foods and Nutrition De- partment in September, 1949. Kept at room temperature until analyses were begun, samples were removed from wrappings and thereafter kept refrigerated in tightly closed bottles. Sample 6, Pandanus Flour 1. Polynesian name: paku harahara. 2. Date and place of collection: July, 1947. Kapingamarangi Island, by Dr. Emory. 3. Date vitamin assays begun: Vitamin A feeding tests, July, 1948; other vitamins, August, 1948. 4. Preparation: Similar to method described on page 7. 5. Transportation: Transported by ship with- out refrigeration to Honolulu. Delivered to the Foods and Nutrition Department in September, 1947. 6. Storage: Stored in tightly closed bottles in the refrigerator until analyzed. ANALYTICAL METHODS The thiamine, riboflavin, and reduced as- corbic acid of pandanus fruits were assayed chemically and niacin was determined micro- biologically by the methods outlined by the Association of Vitamin Chemists (1951). The carotene content was measured physically by the chromatographic method of the Associa- tion, except that the extraction procedure was facilitated by using a mixture of solvents (petroleum ether, acetone, and alcoholic KOH) in the Waring Blendor, followed by centrifugation. The analytical methods used for moisture, fat, crude fiber, total ash, and phosphorus were essentially those recommended by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1950). (Details of all methods used and modifications of A.O.A.C. methods are on file in this laboratory and will be furnished upon request.) Protein was determined by the Winkler boric acid modifications of the Kjel- dahl method (Markley and Hann, 1925). A modification of the McCrudden method for calcium as recommended by the Human TABLE 1 Composition of Pandanus Fruit (100 grams, Edible portion) 10 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 oo 'k ed O 5 g § * £ 9 * Od 00 w w 2 2 . Os CN 00 ^ tn 60 00 ro m N N 6 6 d o iA OS VO O fsj O 60 in c\ cn oo sr g i_ vj gg . H 3 O n _ 2 ^ x ,X2 w SJ '-m -Q to £1, cg „ „ (L> tyOMirc b8» 2.C C JSLj cs >. G aa ..2 ~0 n rt (j T3 tu C £ « 2-S S'O a >> 60 5 -G G 3 o -a 4J -P 63 s* s rtOg Mg 8 s"d *H Xl iff 111 « o >> a> i> a > 5J g'C ? J»!~ ^83 °^bT § °G s •a fiS''3 AO'S, 60S 41 _^3 3 S’ <0 3 -s g^« •5^2 £ g §2 „ *«> 3 S]2'3-c S OS In Uo „J3 •■5 « ^ c« A? >PQ Nutrition Research Branch, Agricultural Re- search Service, United States Department of Agriculture, was used (personal communica- tion) . Iron was estimated by the Saywell and Cunningham (1937) o-phenanthroline color- imetric method taking all possible precau- tions in the laboratory to prevent contamina- tion with iron. COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE The pandanus products analyzed were: two varieties of fresh and cooked pandanus from the Marshall Islands (Majuro) collected in 1951, one sample of pandanus paste collected in 1949 by Dr. Emory at Mille Atoll, Marshall Islands, and one sample of pandanus flour from Kapingamarangi, also collected by Em- ory in 1947. The data on composition are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Fresh, Raw , and Cooked Fandanus Fruit The fresh fruit contains but small amounts of protein and fat (less than 0.5 per cent), consequently its greatest food value may be ascribed to its carbohydrate, mineral, and vitamin contents. The carbohydrate content (14 to 18 per cent) of the edible portion of the fresh pan-, danus is a little less than raw potatoes, some- what greater than fresh fruits such as apricots and peaches, and about the same as apples and pears (Watt and Merrill, 1950). The mois- ture content of 80 to 84 per cent is also similar to these fruits. The edible portion of the fresh, raw pandanus fruit is juicy, whereas the cooked product has much the consistency of a moist, cooked, mashed sweet potato. The fresh samples of Lojekerer and Joibeb were examined and found to contain starch gran- ules which were ruptured in the cooked prod- uct and which were easily stained blue with iodine. The starch granules of both varieties were round and relatively small, averaging 9 microns for the Lojekerer variety and 6 mi- crons for Joibeb. The raw juice of the Joibeb V Uses of Pandanus — Miller, et al 11 which we examined, obviously contained more starch than the Lojekerer and it also thickened to a greater degree when small samples of the extracted juice were cooked in the laboratory. Whether or not this difference may be explained on the basis of ripeness of the two samples or as a true varietal char- acteristic, can be determined only by addi- tional tests. The thickening which takes place on cooking can be explained by the presence of the starch grains, but pectins, for which no tests were made, may also be present. Pandanus fruit contains more calcium than do such temperate climate fruits as apples and peaches, and one sample had as much calcium as fresh apricots and almost as much as orange juice. Our fresh samples of pandanus were equal to or better than white potatoes as a source of calcium but they contained only about half as much calcium as average sweet potatoes. No determinations for oxalates were made and only digestion studies would de- termine whether or not the calcium is well utilized. The phosphorus content of pandanus is about the same as that of the fresh fruits listed above but is much less than that of potatoes and sweet potatoes. The iron content of our fresh samples varied but compares favorably with the fresh tem- perate climate fruits already mentioned and with potatoes and sweet potatoes. Pandanus is a good source of provitamin A, the Lojekerer variety being superior to yellow peaches, but not so good as apricots or yellow sweet potatoes. Since the Marshall- ese, as well as some other island people (Mu- rai, 1954: 14, 186; Spoehr, 1949: 153; Luo- mala, 1953: 15) consume little if any green and yellow fruits and vegetables, pandanus may constitute the most valuable source of provitamin A in their diet. Pandanus is at least as good a source of thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin as are apples, peaches, apricots, and pears. It is a less good source of thiamine and riboflavin than pota- toes and sweet potatoes. However, there may have been some loss during the period of transportation and storage prior to analysis. Pandanus contains less niacin than white po- tatoes but more than sweet potatoes, apples, and pears and about the same amount as apricots and peaches. Both samples of the Joibeb contained ap- proximately twice as much thiamine as the Lojekerer, but the differences in riboflavin and niacin content of the two varieties were small and not consistent for the samples analyzed. The ascorbic acid content of the boiled sample of pandanus is about four times as great as that of the two fresh samples (Table 2). Possibly inactivation of the enzymes in the cooked sample prior to the long period of transportation and storage may account for TABLE 2 vitamin Content and pH of Pandanus Fruit (100 grams, edible portion) SAMPLE CAROTENE* THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN NIACIN ASCORBIC ACID PH meg. mg. mg. mg. mg. 1 Lojekerer, fresh 1242 0.031 0.038 0.88 2.3 5.2 2 Lojekerer, boiled 847 0.024 0.034 0.71 8.9 5.1 3 Joibeb, fresh 184 0.052 0.025 0.95 2.6 4.9 4 Joibeb, boiled 291 0.059 0.042 0.73 5 Pandanus paste 1078 0.037 0.062 2.47 (1.5) 5.6 6 Pandanus flour 1200 I.U.f 0.062 0.156 2.25 5.8 * Total carotenes, chromatographic method, f Biological determination of vitamin A value with rats. 12 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 this. Obviously additional studies are needed to determine the range and typical ascorbic acid values for this fruit. To determine what proportion of the pan- danus keys are usually eaten, 50 children at the Marshall Christian Training School at Ronron cooperated in a simple experiment. A single raw key was given to each student and his name and the weight of the key were recorded. They were asked to eat the pandanus in the usual way and the remaining inedible portion was again weighed. The weights of single keys ranged from 130 to 200 grams, with an average of 156 grams. The weight of the edible portion ranged from 40 to 102 grams (mostly 60 to 90 grams), with an average of 75 grams. This figure for the weight of the edible portion of a single key has been used for all calculations in Table 3. TABLE 3 Nutritive Value of the Edible Portion of Pandanus Keys NUTRIENTS 1 KEY 75 GMS. 20 KEYS 1500 GMS. Calories 53 1060 Protein gm .28 5.6 Fat gm .20 4.0 Calcium mg 7.2 144 Phosphorus mg 19.4 388 Iron mg .7 14 Carotene meg 932 18,640 Thiamine mg .02 .4 Riboflavin mg .03 .6 Niacin mg .7 14 Ascorbic acid mg 2 40 While this little study indicates that almost 50 per cent of the key is edible, when the keys were prepared for analyses in the labor- atory, the waste was much greater and the edible portion was found to range from 25 to 40 per cent. The edible portion of the cooked product was somewhat greater than the raw. It is probably easier to suck or gnaw out the sweet juice or pulp than to obtain it by mechanical means, and the size and ripe- ness of the fruit, as well as variety, may in- fluence the proportion of waste. The dietary study in the Marshall Islands (Murai, 1954) included weekly records of 324 people 1 year of age and over; of this number, 138 ate pandanus, some for only 1 day, others for 6 days out of 7, making a total of 293 days on which pandanus was recorded. The num- ber of large keys consumed ranged from 1 to 25 for all ages. Many ate at least 10 keys and several ate 20, the highest recorded was 25. Children 1 year old ate as many as 10. Records for 18 different days for nine children, 2 and 3 years old, showed that they ate 2 to 10 keys with an average of 5 keys per day. The nutrients obtainable from one and from 20 keys have been calculated on the basis of our figures for raw Lojekerer and are summarized in Table 3. The conservative value of 3 milligrams of ascorbic acid per 100 grams of edible portion has been used for the calculations in this table although it is highly probable that the value is greater when the pandanus is eaten fresh. An estimate of the nutritive value of the fresh pandanus may be made by evaluating the contributions to the diet made by 20 keys, which is not at all an unusual quantity, even when a variety of other foods is available. Twenty keys would supply about half the calories needed per day by a small and not very active person, all of the provitamin A, niacin, and iron, about one-third the thiamine, almost half the riboflavin, and more than half the ascorbic acid, judging from the National Re- search Council’s standards or "Recommended Daily Allowances” for all nutrients except calories which are in excess of what the island people would require (Food and Nutrition Board, 1953: 3). Twenty keys would provide little protein, calcium, or fat but would make a good contribution toward the phosphorus needs. On the basis of our analyses, it is obvious that the greatest contributions of pandanus fruit to the diet are calories, provitamin A, and ascorbic acid. When large amounts are Uses of Pandanus — Miller, et al 13 eaten, the quantities of the three minerals (Ca, P, and Fe) obtained are not inconsider- able but the variety (or varieties) which we analyzed indicate that the edible portion is not an important source of calcium and phosphorus. It should be emphasized that the groups studied on Uliga Island and Majuro Island, Majuro Atoll, had a rather varied diet and a number of other foods, but in the isolated islets where pandanus, coconut, and fish are often all that is available, half or more of the caloric needs are probably satisfied by pan- danus. Coconuts would supply the fat needed and fish and shellfish would furnish not only protein but calcium and phosphorus, espe- cially when small fish are eaten whole. If the value of about 8 milligrams of as- corbic acid obtained for the cooked sample should prove to be typical of all fresh panda- nus, then the fruit would constitute an im- portant source of this vitamin. Even if the pandanus usually has only half this amount, the quantity of ascorbic acid obtained when large amounts are eaten would satisfy the daily needs. Pandanus Paste The composition of the pandanus paste may be compared with dried dates which it resembles. The pandanus paste has a little less moisture and therefore a greater energy value (293 calories per 100 grams). The total carbohydrate content is almost identical with dates and the crude fiber content about 1 per cent higher. The reducing sugars of pan- danus paste were determined by the Munson- Walker method (Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem., 1950: 506) and found to be 50 per cent (calculated as glucose), which would indicate that about two-thirds of the carbohydrate is in the form of sugars and the remainder in- cludes starch. The protein and fat contents of pandanus paste and dates are low and of little significance. The calcium content of the paste is almost twice that of dates and the phosphorus and iron contents exceed those of dates, though it may well be that some of the iron in the paste is the result of contam- ination during preparation and drying. The pandanus paste has almost 20 times the vita- min A value of dates, about the same amount of niacin, and less thiamine and ribloflavin. The period of storage prior to the determina- tion of vitamin A was longer than that for the other vitamins as has been indicated. Doubt- less all the vitamins were reduced as a result of storage, but since this is a preserved prod- uct used for emergencies, the figures which we obtained are probably typical for pandanus paste. Although by the dye titration method pandanus paste had about 1.5 milligrams of ascorbic acid per 100 grams, it may be due to other reducing substances than vitamin C. More work on the paste would be desirable to learn if other samples appear to contain ascorbic acid. Pandanus Flour The sample of pandanus flour from Ka- pingamarangi which was analyzed is probably typical of the dried products made in other islands judging from the description of its preparation given by Grimble (1933-34: 36, 37, 38) for the Gilbert Islands. Because the entire soft end is cut off and dried as described earlier, no fibers are re- moved and the resulting "flour,” which re- sembles fine sawdust, is high in crude fiber (15.0 per cent) and low in moisture (10.8 per cent). (The low moisture content is necessary to insure its good keeping quality.) If the crude fiber is calculated to a product contain- ing 80 per cent of water (comparable to the fresh product), the crude fiber would be re- duced to approximately 3.3 per cent, which is much greater than that of even our coarsest vegetables such as cabbage. This is in contrast to the pandanus paste which when recalcu- lated to a fresh basis has less crude fiber than the fresh fruit from the Marshalls (Table 1). Grimble (1933-34: 39), discussing panda- nus flour, states that "the gently purgative qualities of the food are also recognized and 14 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 valued by the islander, who uses it freely as an aperient for his children.” It is to be expected that a food with such a high fiber content would tend to absorb water and form gas, thus lending bulk to the fecal residues and giving it laxative properties. Just how seriously the fiber would interfere with the absorption of food nutrients is difficult to predict. Digestion experiments upon people accustomed to such a coarse diet would be necessary to determine this point. When the pandanus flour is eaten either with water or with concentrated coconut sap as described by Grimble (1933-34: 39), a much greater percentage of crude fiber would probably be ingested than when the fresh raw or freshly cooked pandanus is nibbled and the fibers are rejected or left clinging to the woody end of the keys. The calcium content of 797 milligrams per 100 grams seems to be remarkably high and when calculated to 80 per cent moisture would still appear high (180 milligrams per 100 grams). Perhaps much of the calcium is in the fibrous portion, but there is also the possibility that a few grains of coral sand, blown into the pandanus flour in the process of making or drying, could raise the calcium to this high value. Additional analyses are desirable to check this figure. The phosphorus and iron contents when calculated to the fresh basis fall within the range for fresh fruit. The vitamin A value for pandanus flour was determined in 1948 by rat feeding methods employed in our laboratory with standard vitamin A acetate fed to the controls (Miller, et al., 1951: 106). Either the variety from which this sample was made is low in bio- logically active carotenoid pigments or as a result of oxidation and dessication the vita- min A value is greatly reduced. The flour retained its riboflavin content remarkably well and appears to have twice as much of this vitamin as does the paste, on a comparable moisture basis. Riboflavin is sen- sitive to light and it would be expected that losses would be great when a food is dried in the sun. Again the original variety of pan- danus used in making the flour no doubt influenced the final product. Niacin, being more stable, appears to have been relatively well retained in the pandanus flour as in the paste. Pandanus Seeds By use of a hammer and chisel, a sufficient quantity of pandanus seeds were removed from their woody cases to permit determina- tion of only the moisture, protein, and fat contents, which were 47.2 per cent, 10.1 per cent, and 24.7 per cent respectively. Since one seed weighs about half a gram, and the keys available to us had no more than three or four seeds, and often only one or two, more energy is probably required to extract the seeds than could be obtained from eating them. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS In some Pacific islands, especially Kapin- gamarangi and the Marshall, Gilbert, and Ellice Islands, the pandanus fruit is an im- portant seasonal food. The soft ends of the keys which form the fruits contain a sweet spicy juice or pulp that is eaten in the raw or cooked state. The edible portion is also preserved in two ways — as a dried paste resembling dried dates and as a "flour.” The fresh raw or cooked pandanus contains 14 to 18 per cent carbohydrate in the form of starch and sugars, but has negligible amounts of protein and fat. The calcium, phosphorus, and iron con- tents are comparable to temperate climate fruits such as peaches and apricots. The carotenoid pigments which give the pandanus a rich yellow orange color may be the only source of provitamin A available to the people of these islands when there are few or no green or yellow vegetables in the diet. Pandanus, like most fruits, is not a rich source of thiamine and riboflavin, though it makes a significant contribution of these fac- Uses of Pandanus — - Miller, et al 15 tors in the diet when eaten in large amounts. This is especially true of riboflavin. Pandanus is a poor source of ascorbic acid, if compared with fruits rich in vitamin C, but when eaten in relatively large amounts, it could meet the needs of the body for this vitamin. The composition of pandanus paste and pandanus flour are discussed in relation to the fresh samples. Their special worth lies in their energy value as emergency rations or for long sea voyages. Our work suggests that additional studies on different varieties, followed by selection and propagation by agriculturists, might be profitable. Planting and continued use of the varieties of highest nutritive value that suit particular areas could well be encouraged by all concerned with the health of the people living in the low dry islands of the Pacific. It is especially important to stress that the edible pandanus should not fall into disuse as the result of introducing "store foods" of low nutritive value. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank a number of people for assistance during the course of this research: Dr. Bruce J. Cooil, Associate Plant Physiologist, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, who assisted in the measurements of the starch grains of pandanus; Miss Helen Denning, former Junior Nutritionist, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, who made most of the analyses for the pandanus paste and pandanus flour under the direction of the senior author; Dr. Kenneth P. Emory, Ethnologist, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, who provided the samples of pan- danus paste and pandanus flour and the photo- graph of the paste in lauhala wrappings; Dr. Harold St. John, Professor of Botany, Uni- versity of Hawaii, for identification of the pandanus varieties; Mr. Horace Clay, Assist- ant Specialist in Horticulture, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Hawaii, for collecting and transporting the pandanus fruit shown in Figure 1, and Mr. Yoshihiko Kawano, Assistant in Chemistry, H.A.E.S., for taking the photograph; Dr. Leonard Mason, Professor of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, who loaned the beka shown in Figure 3. REFERENCES Association of Vitamin Chemists. 1951. Methods of vitamin assay . Ed. 2, 301 pp. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 1950. Official methods of analysis. Ed. 7, 910 pp., illus. Washington. Buck, Peter H. 1950. Material culture of Kapingamarangi. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bui. 200: 1-291. Cook, James. 1784. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. 1. xcvi + 42 L pp. G. Nicol & T. Cadell, London. Ellis, William. 1832. Polynesian researches. Ed. 2. Vol. 1. 414 pp. Fisher, Son and Jackson, London. Finsch, Otto. 1893. Ethnologische Erfahrun- gen und Belegstucke aus der Siidsee. K. K. Naturhist. Hof mus. Ann. 8 (1): 19-89; 8 (2): 119-182. Food and Nutrition Board. 1953. Rec- ommended Dietary Allowances. Revised ed. 36 pp. [Pub. 302.] National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Grimble, Arthur. 1933-1934. The migra- tions of a pandanus people. 112 pp. Poly- nesian Soc. [ Jour.], Mem. 12: 1-185. King, James. 1784. Volume 3 of Cook, J. A voyage to the Pacific Ocean. 558 pp. G. Nicol & T. Cadell, London. Kotzebue, Otto von. 1821. A voyage op discovery , into the South Sea and Beering’s Straits . . . undertaken in the year 1815-1818 ... in the ship Rurick . . . .Vol. 3. 442pp. Vol. 4. 220 pp. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London. Kramer, A. 1906. Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa. 585 pp. Strecker and Schroder, Stuttgart. 16 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Kurze, G. 1887. Mikronesien und die Mission daselbst. Pp. 5-6. [Original not seen. Taken from translation in the Univ. of Hawaii library.] Leung, Woot-Tsuen Wu, R. K. Pecot, and B. K. Watt. 1952. Composition of foods used in far eastern countries. 62 pp. [Agr. Hdbk. 34] U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, Washington. Luomala, Katharine. 1953. Ethnobotany of the Gilbert Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bui. 213: 1-129. Markley, K. S., and R. M. Hann. 1925. A comparative study of the Gunning- Arnold and the Winkler boric acid modi- fications of the Kjeldahl method for the determination of nitrogen. Assoc. Off. Agr. Chem. Jour. 8: 455-467. Miller, Carey D., H. Denning, and A. Bauer. 1951. Food values of native foods from Pacific islands. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta., Bien. Rpt. 1948-50: 106-107. Murai, Mary. 1954. Nutrition study in Mi- cronesia. U. S. Natl. Res. Council , Pacific Sci. Bd., Atoll Res. Bui. 27: 1-239* Saywell, L. G., and R. B. Cunningham. 1937. Determination of iron: colorimetric o-phenanthroline method. Indus, and Engin. Chem., Analyt. Ed. 9: 67-69. Spoehr, Alexander. 1949. Majuro— A vil- lage in the Marshall Islands. Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus., Fieldiana: Anthropology 39: 1- 266. Watt, Bernice K., and A. L. Merrill. 1950. Composition of foods — raw, processed , prepared. 147 pp. [Agr. Hdbk. 8] U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. Wendler, P. J. 1911. Zur Feuer-und Nah- rungsbereitung der Marshall-Insulaner. Baessler-Archiv: Beitrdge zur Volkerkunde 1: 269-276. Some Unusual Fishes From the Central Pacific Joseph E. King and Isaac I. Ikehara1 The purpose of this article is to call the attention of ichthyologists to certain rare or uncommon fishes recently collected in the central Pacific by staff members of the Pacific Oceanic Fishery Investigations at Honolulu, and others. These fishes have been deposited with the U. S. National Museum. The photo- graphs included here were taken by E. D. Stroup; Figure .4 was prepared by Tamotsu Nakata. SQUALIDAE The first two species, here placed in the Squalidae following Hubbs and McHugh (1951), were formerly placed in the Dalatiidae, e.g. Bigelow and Schroeder (1948). 1. Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy and Gaimard) One female specimen (Fig. 1) (USNM No. 164176), 161 mm. in total length. Collected March 3, 1948, about 340 miles WNW of Johnston Island at 18°24'N., 175°12'W. in water about 1,000 fathoms deep. Attracted to a light and dip-netted at surface. Collected by M. B. Schaefer aboard M/V "Oregon” oper- ated by Pacific Exploration Company. Description: No anal fin; 2 dorsal fins with- out spines; snout blunt and broadly rounded; 5 gill openings, all anterior to pectorals; body 1 Fishery Research Biologists, Pacific Oceanic Fish- ery Investigations, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, T. H. Manuscript received April 13, 1955. nearly cylindrical; eyes lateral without nicti- tating membrane; a large spiracle present; mouth transverse with a groove extending posteriorly from each end; teeth with only 1 cusp and not serrated; upper teeth narrowly triangular and needle-pointed, lower teeth broader, compressed, and bent outwards; caudal axis scarcely upturned; no sub terminal notch evident; end of base of first dorsal fin well in advance of the pelvic insertion; base of second dorsal fin very much longer than that of the first; denticles quadrate, with a central pit; first dorsal fin very much nearer pelvic base than pectoral base; body uniform brown- ish black (in alcohol after fixation in for- malin), outer edges of fins clear. Measure- ments of the specimen and proportional meas- urements as per cent of total length are given in Table 1. Hubbs and McHugh (1951) report the cap- ture of a female E. bispinatus , 233 mm. total length, about 500 miles off the California coast. They give a thorough description of the specimen and state that it is ". . . the only extant example of the genus known from the Pacific Ocean and, so far as we know, the only one in an American museum.” An ear- lier specimen collected in the open Pacific "between Honolulu and San Francisco, but nearer to the former” (Eigenmann, 1891) was destroyed in the San Francisco fire, according to Hubbs and McHugh. Since we can find no record of any capture of this species since 17 18 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 TABLE 1 Body Measurements and Proportional Measurements of Euprotomicrus bispinatus and Isistius brasiliensis (Body Measurements in Millimeters, Proportional Measurements [.bracketed] in Percentage of Total Length) E. bispinatus * I. brasiliensis f Trunk at origin of pectoral: breadth 19.0 (11.8) 21.0 (11.1) height 17.0 (10.6) 19.5 (10.3) Snout length in front of: outer nostrils 3.0 ( 1.9) 1.5 ( 0.8) mouth 17.0 (10.6) 13.0 ( 6.9) Eye: horizontal diameter 6.0 ( 3.7) 8.0 ( 4.2) Mouth: breadth 11.0 ( 6.8) 10.5 ( 5.6) height 1.0 ( 0.6) 0.0 ( 0.0) Nostrils: distance between inner ends 4.0 ( 2.5) 3.0 ( 1.6) Labial furrow length from angle of upper jaw 8.0 ( 5.0) 11.0 ( 5.8) Gill opening lengths: 1st 2.0 ( 1.2) 2.0 ( 1.1) 2nd 2.0 ( 1.2) 2.0 ( 1.1) 3rd 2.0 ( 1.2) 2.0 ( 1.1) 4th 1.5 ( 0.9) 1.5 ( 0.8) 5th 1.0 ( 0.6) 1.0 ( 0.5) First dorsal fin: vertical height 2.5 ( 1.6) 4.0 ( 2.1) length of base 2.5 ( 1.6) 6.0 ( 3.2) Second dorsal fin: vertical height 3.3 ( 2.0) 4.0 ( 2.1) length of base 14.0 ( 8.7) 7.0 ( 3.7) Caudal fin: upper margin 25.0 (15.5) 27.0 (14.3) lower anterior margin 20.0 (12.4) 20.0 (10.6) Pectoral fin: outer margin 16.5 (10.2) 16.0 ( 8.5) inner margin 10.5 ( 6.5) 11.0 ( 5.8) distal margin 13.0 ( 8.1) 6.8 ( 3.6) Distance from snout to: 1st dorsal 84.0 (52.2) 115.5 (61.1) 2nd dorsal 108.0 (67.1) 136.5 (72.2) upper caudal 137.0 (85.1) 164.0 (86.8) pectoral 40.0 (24.8) 42.0 (22.2) ventrals 94.0 (58.4) 122.5 (64.8) Interspace between: 1st and 2nd dorsals 21.0 (13.0) 16.7 ( 8.8) 2nd dorsal and caudal 16.0 ( 9-9) 20.5 (10.8) Distance from origin to origin of: pectoral and ventrals 56.5 (35.1) 84.5 (44.7) ventrals and caudal 41.0 (25.5) 41.0 (21.7) * Female, 161 millimeters in total length, f Female, 189 millimeters in total length. 1951, we believe that our specimen is the third example of the genus (monotypic) known from the Pacific and the second ex- ample in an American collection. 2. Isistius brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard) One male specimen (USNM No. 164173), 165 mm. in total length. Collected March 2, Unusual Fishes — King and Ikeh ara 1 9 Fig. 1. Lateral view of a 161 millimeter (female) Euprotomicrus bispinatus captured at the surface with a dip net at 18°24'N., 175°12'W. Fig. 2. Lateral view of a 189 millimeter (female) Isistius brasiliensis captured by pelagic trawl at 2°09/N., 158° 14'W. 1952, at about 11 p.m. aboard M/V "Hugh M. Smith" at 2°04/S., 168°57/W., in water about 3,000 fathoms deep. Collected by Heeny Yuen employing a 1 -meter (mouth diameter) zooplankton net in an oblique haul to 200 meters depth. A female specimen (USNM No. 164175), 179 mm. in total length. Collected May 23, 1954, at about 8:30 p.m. aboard M/V "John R. Manning" at 4°47'N., l6l°04'W., in water about 2,000 fathoms deep. Collected by J. E. King and T. S. Hida in a 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl; depth of haul about 100 meters. A second female (Fig. 2) (USNM No. 164174), 189 mm. in total length. Collected June 2, 1954, at about 8:30 p.m., aboard M/V "John R. Manning" at 2°09/N., 158°14'W., in water about 1,000 fathoms deep. Collected by J. E. King and T. S. Hida in a 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl with depth of haul about 100 meters. Measurements of this specimen are given in Table 1. Description: No anal fin; 2 dorsal fins, with- out spines; snout blunt and broadly rounded; 5 gill openings, all anterior to pectorals; body nearly cylindrical; eyes lateral, without nicti- tating membrane; a large spiracle present; teeth with only 1 cusp and faint indications of serration; teeth of the upper and lower jaw very unlike, the upper are slender and curved 20 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 outwards while the lower are much larger and erect, with subquadrate bases and triangular sharp-pointed cusp; caudal axis scarcely up- turned; subterminal notch in caudal fin slight; mouth transverse, with fleshy lips and a groove extending backwards and outwards from each end; unlike E. bispinatus, the first dorsal fin is displaced backward so that the end of its base is over the origin of the pelvic base; dorsal fin bases nearly equal; denticles quad- rate with a median pit; first dorsal fin very much nearer pel vies than pectoral base; body dark brown above (in alcohol after fixation in formalin), pale grayish brown below ex- cept for a dark collar across the throat; fins with outer edges clear except the upper lobe of the caudal, which is brown to the margin. This small oceanic shark, although un- common, is not nearly as rare as E. bispinatus. According to Bigelow and Schroeder (1948), I. brasiliensis is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical belts of all three oceans; however, records of its occurrence in the eastern and central Pacific are few. One specimen was taken by the "Albatross” (Gar- man 1899) at 2°34'N., 92°06'W. F. D. Ben- nett (1840) captured two specimens, which he classified as Squalus fulgens , in a net towed at the surface; one of these, 10 inches in length, he reported as taken at 2°30'S., 163° W., and the other, 18 inches in length, at 55°N., 110°W. Garman (1899) pointed out the obvious error in the latter position and stated that the actual longitude was 140°W. Later G. Bennett (I860) collected a 5.5-inch specimen, which he classified as Scymmus sp., at 2°15/S., 163°W. Jordan and Jordan (1922) report the occurrence of this small shark in Hawaiian waters under the name Apristurus spongiceps (Gilbert). Fowler and Ball (1925) state that a specimen classified earlier (Fowler 1923) as Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre) in Bernice P. Bishop Museum collections from Hawaiian waters is actually I . brasiliensis. All the above names are placed in synonymy with I. brasiliensis by Bigelow and Schroeder (1948). The Bennetts’ description of the lumin- iscence of this fish has been quoted often. This characteristic was not observed in our three specimens, possibly because all three were dead when brought on deck. The lu- miniscence is reported to fade out as the fish dies. LOPHOTIDAE 3. Eumecichthys fiski (Gunther) Regan One specimen (Figs. 3 and 4) (USNM No. 164170), 598 mm. in standard length. Col- lected June 1, 1954, at about 12:15 p.m. aboard M/V "John R. Manning” at 3°04'N., 159°13/W., in water about 900 fathoms deep. Dip-netted at the surface by Howard Ka- mauu, fisherman on the "Manning.” Description: Body elongate, strongly com- pressed, nearly of uniform depth throughout, scaleless, snout prolonged as a sword-shaped process bearing near its tip a pronounced plume or crest (Fig. 3) ; dorsal fin commences at the tip of this process with an extremely long and compressed ray, then continues to the caudal averaging in height about one- fourth the body depth; both jaws are armed with small, hooked teeth; premaxillary non- protractile; eye large; no ventral fins; anal fin rudimentary, base about 3 mm., height less than 1 mm. (Fig. 4); body silvery (in alcohol after fixation in formalin) with about 30 dark bars or blotches, most prominent dorsally; occipital crest and dorsal and caudal fins were crimson in life but faded completely in for- malin. Fin ray count: D. 326; P. 13(R), 12 (L); C. 10. Body measurements (in millimeters) and proportional measurements (bracketed) as percentage of standard length : snout to vent, 579-0 (96.7); vent to base of caudal, 20.5 (3.4); caudal fin length, 25.5 (4.3); head length including snout, 64.0 (10.7); snout length in front of mouth, 30.0 (5.0); snout to origin of pectoral, 64.0 (10.7); greatest body height, 21.3 (3.6) ; greatest body breadth, 7.0 (1.2); pectoral fin length, 13.0 (2.2); pectoral fin base, 5.0 (0.8); dorsal fin height at mid-point of body, 6.0 (1.0); dorsal fin Unusual Fishes — King and Ikehara 21 Fig. 3. Head portion of a 625 millimeter specimen of Eumecichthys fiski captured at the surface in a dip net at 3°04'N., 159°13'W. height at origin of pectoral, 4.0 (0.7); dorsal fin height above vent, 5.0 (0.8); crest height, 83.0 (13.9); eye diameter, 8.0 (1.3). Details of the capture of this rare fish are perhaps of interest. About midday shortly after starting to haul longline, we ( J. E. King and T. S. Hida) noticed a thin "shadow” near the surface just to the rear of the point where the line was emerging from the water. When we finally decided that this was not just the Fig. 4. Tail portion of Eumecichthys fiski, same spec- imen as in Figure 3, with the caudal fin expanded to show the detailed structure of the fin. wake or the shadow of the line but an unusual object in the water, a dip net was hastily obtained and this very rare fish was scooped from the water. After it had lain on a canvas hatch cover for a few minutes, we noticed that a black fluid had been discharged from the vent. Kershaw (1909) and Griffin (1934) have reported that lophotid fishes may emit an inky fluid from the vent when captured. Eumecichthys fiski was described by Gunther (1890) as Lophotes fiski from a 50-inch specimen that washed up on the shore of Kalk Bay (Atlantic Ocean), South Africa. In this fish the caudal region was mutilated so that Gun- ther did not know the nature of the caudal fin nor whether or not an anal fin was nor- mally present. Apparently no additional ex- amples had appeared in South Africa by the time of the recent revision of "The Sea Fishes 22 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 of South Africa” by Smith (1953). From our examination of available literature, we con- clude that all subsequent collections of E. fiski , except for our specimen from the central Pacific, have been from Japanese waters. Kamohara (1949) states that "In Japan a specimen 88.1 cm. in length was collected off Kochi in 1939 by a worker from the Kochi Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Sta- tion and was reported by Dr. Kiyomatsu Matsu bara. This was the first record from Japan. Thereafter it transpired that several specimens had been captured in 1937 off Hagi in Yamaguchi Prefecture, and that it had also been collected earlier in Wakayama Prefec- ture.” [Translated from the Japanese by W. G. Van Campen.] There is no reference to this species in The Fishes of Oceania (Fowler, 1928) and its supplements, or in The Fishes of the Indo- Australian Archipelago , Vol. V (Weber and De Beaufort, 1929), which includes the Allotriognathi. TRACHYPTERIDAE 4. ? Trachypterus iris (Walbaum) Two specimens (USNM No. 164172), both juveniles; one 84 mm. in standard length (caudal fin broken), the other 109 mm. in standard length (146 mm. total length with caudal depressed to the horizontal). Collected May 4, 1953, at about 8 p.m. aboard M/V 'John R. Manning” at 8°32'N., 150°12'W., in water about 2,700 fathoms deep. Collected by W. F. Royce and W. M. Matsumoto in a 10-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl; depth of haul about 200 meters. Description: Body elongate, strongly com- pressed, scaleless; dorsal fin extends length of body; caudal fin divided, the larger portion pointing upwards; rays of dorsal bear numer- ous spinules; lateral line spinous; vent located on mid-ventral line in contrast to the follow- ing species; anterior profile steep, almost vertical; mouth protractile; body pale color- less (in alcohol after fixation in formalin). Fin ray count: D. 160 ± 2; P. (broken); V. 5; C. 7 (upper), 5 (lower). Body measurements (in millimeters) and proportional measurements (bracketed) as percentage of standard length (109 mm.): snout to vent, 70.0 (64.2); vent to base of caudal, 42.0 (38.5); caudal fin length, 34.0 (31.2); greatest body height, 18.0 (16.5); greatest body breadth, 6.0 (5.5). 5. ? Trachypterus woodi Smith One specimen (Fig. 5) (USNM No. 164 171), a juvenile, 113 mm. standard length (125 mm. in total length with caudal de- pressed to the horizontal). Collected May 25, 1954, at about 8:30 p.m. aboard M/V "John R. Manning” at 4°4l'N., 159°53/W., in water about 2,000 fathoms deep. Collected by J. E. King and T. S. Hida in a 6-foot Isaacs-Kidd trawl; depth of haul about 100 meters. Description : Body strongly compressed; dor- sal fin extends length of body; rays of dorsal with numerous spinules, each ray with a pair of larger spines near its base; rays at anterior end of dorsal show evidence of having been prolonged but are now broken; anterior pro- file steep but less than vertical; body covered with small, smooth tubercles, particularly prominent in the ventral region; lateral line spinous; no anal fin; caudal fin turned up- wards, with no downward projecting portion as in previous specimen; vent located on left side of body about 2 mm. above mid- ventral line (the asymmetrical location of vent in T. misakiensis was pointed out by Herre and Herald in 1950); body silvery (in alcohol after fixation in formalin) with scattered dark blotches below dorsal and perhaps seven small blotches extending posteriorly in a line beginning at the upper margin of the eye; fins pink in life, clear in alcohol. Fin ray count: D. 144, P. 12, V. 9, C. 8. Body measurements (in millimeters) and proportional measurements (bracketed) as percentage of standard length: snout to vent, 78.5 (69-5) ; vent to base of caudal, 34.0 (30.0) ; caudal length, 12.5 (11.0); head length, 22.0 (19-4); eye diameter, 7.3 (6.4); snout to origin pectorals, 19.0 (16.7); snout to origin ven- Unusual Fishes — King AND IKEHARA 23 Fig. 5. Lateral view of ? Trachypterus wood! Smith captured by pelagic trawl at 4°41'N., 159°53'W. trals, 23.0 (20.3); greatest body height, 38.0 (33.3); greatest body breadth, 8.0 (7.0); greatest height of dorsal fin, 18.0 (15.9). Most of the trachypterids examined by ichthyologists have been washed up on shore and usually were in poor condition; our spec- imens are among the few to be collected in nets, and one of the three, at least, is in excellent condition. These fishes are noted for their change in body proportions during de- velopment after the postlarval period (Hubbs, 1926). The juveniles are particularly difficult to identify. On the basis of available literature we have decided that two of our specimens are most likely T. iris (Walbaum), which is principally a Mediterranean species, whereas the third resembles T. woodi Smith. Although the identification is not certain due to limited library facilities and lack of sufficient reference material, our description, measurements, and the accompanying figure may provide some worthwhile information to those who are in- terested in the life history of these unusual fishes. REFERENCES Bennett, F. D. 1840. Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe , from the year 1833 to 1836. Vol. 2. vii + 395 pp. Richard Bent- ley, London. Bennett, G. I860. Gatherings of a naturalist in Australasia, xii + 456 pp. John Van Voorst, London. Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder. 1948. Sharks. In: Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part I. Sears Found. Mar. Res., Mem. 1: 59-576. Eigenmann, Rosa S. 1891. Description of a new species of Euprotomicrus. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. II, 3 (1): 35. Fowler, H. W. 1923. New or little-known Hawaiian fishes. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Occas. Papers 8 (7): 375-392. 1928. The fishes of Oceania. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Mem. 10: 1-540. Fowler, H. W ., and S. C. Ball. 1925. Fishes of Hawaii, Johnston Island, and Wake Is- land. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Bui. 26: 1-31. Garman, S. 1899- Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Is- lands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Al- batross” during 1891, Lt. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. XXVI. The fishes. Harvard Univ., Mus. Compar. Zool., Mem. 24: 1-431. Griffin, L. T. 1934. Description of a rare lophotid fish from Cape Runaway, New Zealand. Auckland Inst, and Mus., Rec. 1 (5): 239-243. Gunther, A. C. L. 1890. Description of a new species of deep-sea fish from the Cape (Lophotes fiski) . Zool. Soc. London, Proc. 1890: 244-247. Herre, A. W., and E. S. Herald. 1950. Noteworthy additions to the Philippine fish fauna with descriptions of a new genus and species. Philippine Jour. Sci. 79 (3): 309-340. Hubbs, C. L. 1926. The metamorphosis of the California ribbon fish, Trachypterus rex- salmonorum. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, Papers 5 (1925): 469-476. Hubbs, C. L., and J. L. McHugh. 1951. Relationships of the pelagic shark Euproto- micrus bispinatus, with description of a spec- imen from off California. Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. IV, 27 (6): 159-173. 24 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Jordan, D. S., and E. K. Jordan. 1922. A list of the fishes of Hawaii, with notes and descriptions of new species. Carnegie Mus., Mem. 10(1): 1-92. Kamohara, T. 1949. Deep-sea fishes. 203 pp. Nippon Shuppansha, Osaka. [Translated in part by W. G. Van Campen.] Kershaw, J. A. 1909. Additions to the fish fauna of Victoria. No. 2. Victorian Nat. 26: 78-79- [Not seen.] Regan, C. T. 1907. On the anatomy, classi- fication, and systematic position of the teleostean fishes of the sub-order Alio trio - gnathi. Zool. Soc. London , Proc. 2: 634-643. Smith, J. L. B. 1953- The sea fishes of southern Africa, xvi -f 564 pp. Central News Agen- cy, Ltd., Cape Town. Weber, M., and L. F. DeBeaufort. 1929- The fishes of the Indo- Australian Archipelago. Vol. 5. xiv + 458 pp. E. J. Brill, Leiden. Some Marine Algae of the Southern Marshall Islands1 E. Yale Dawson2 No RECORDS OF MARINE ALGAE from the southern atolls of the Marshall Islands have heretofore appeared in the literature. Indeed, our only account of the marine vegetation of this far-flung archipelago is that by W. R. Taylor (1950) dealing with Bikini and other northern atolls of the group. A recent opportunity to visit several of these atolls with a field team under the leader- ship of Dr. Bruce W. Halstead resulted in the gathering of a considerable collection of algae from Kwajalein, Jaluit, and Majuro atolls3. To this has been added, through the kindness of Dr. M. S. Doty of the University of Hawaii, a large collection obtained by Mr. Leonard Horwitz on Arno Atoll4. These combined collections are so numer- ous that time has not yet permitted a study of all of the material. What is given here is an annotated list of those specimens which have been examined to date, exclusive of a number of apparently undescribed species and 1 Contribution No. 163 from the Allan Hancock Foundation. Manuscript received May 6, 1955. 2 Formerly Associate Professor of Biology in the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 3 This field work was sponsored in part by a research grant from the National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland, to the School of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Col- lege of Medical Evangelists, Loma Linda, California. 4 This collection was obtained with financial assist- ance granted by the Pacific Science Board of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, under contract N7onr-291, Task Order IV, from the Office of Naval Research and a grant from the Pacific Islands Research funds of the University of Hawaii. of certain other plants in need of more critical study. It is hoped that a second part may soon be added to complete this account. As an aid to field workers who may not have a large algological library at their dis- posal, an attempt has been made to provide an illustration for each species of which one may not otherwise be at hand. Two hand- books are considered to be so readily avail- able as to serve in conjunction with this paper, namely, Taylor’s 1950 account men- tioned above, and the writer’s recent, fully illustrated treatment of the tropical marine algae of Viet Nam which appeared in Pacific Science Vol. 8, No. 4, 1954. Thus, an illustra- tion is presented here wherever one is not to be found for a given species in one or the other of these works. The style of presenta- tion is the same as in the latter paper. I was aided in the preparation of the drawings by Mrs. Glennis Sayers Clements. The photo- graphs were prepared by Mr. Royford George. The specimens are cited here by field num- ber preceded by "D.” or "H.” The former denotes the writer’s collections which are de- posited in his personal herbarium. The latter denotes those of Mr. Horwitz which are deposited in the Bernice P. Bishop Mu- seum at Honolulu. LIST OF STATIONS The following station numbers are assigned arbitrarily and are not chronological. They serve to provide general locality information 25 26 on the collections which are cited also by individual field number in the text. Kwajalein Atoll Sta. 1. North end of Kwajalein Island along the seaward side of the reef at low tide, Sept. 26, 27, 1954. Sta. 2. Along the lagoon side of the reef in the vicinity of the first islet north of Kwa- jalein Island, in up to 1 m. of water at low tide, Sept. 27, 1954. Sta. 3. Beach drift along seaward reef of north end of Kwajalein Island, Sept. 26, 1954. Sta. 4. Beach drift along lagoon shore of west end of Kwajalein Island, Sept. 26, 1954. Sta. 5. Reef at north end of Kwajalein Is- land at low tide, Oct. 12, 1954. Majuro Atoll Sta. 6. On the broad, seaward reef-flat of Uliga Island at low tide, Oct. 10, 12, 1954. Sta. 7. Along the seaward coralline algal ridge of Uliga Island at low tide, Oct. 10, 1954. Sta. 8. On the broad seaward reef flat at the northeast end of Dalap Island at low tide, Oct. 11, 1954. Sta. 9- Narrow seaward reef at east end of Rairikku Island at low tide, Oct. 11, 1954. Sta. 10. Narrow seaward reef at west end of Enierripu Island at low tide, Oct. 11, 1954. Sta. 11. Lagoon side of Uliga Island op- posite the staff dwellings, Oct. 10, 1954. Jaluit Atoll Sta. 12. Seaward edge of reef at Jabor, Jaluit Island, near the old meteorological sta- tion at low tide, Sept. 28, 1954. Sta. 13. From 2-5 meter depths at Sydney Pier, Jaluit Island, Sept. 29, 1954. Sta. 14. Beach drift along sea wall at Jabor, Jaluit Island, Oct. 2, 1954. Sta. 15. Along the lagoon side of Kaben- bock Island at low tide, Sept. 29, 1954. Sta. 16. Along the ocean side of Kabenbock Island opposite the pass, mostly in the shelter PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 of an old shipwreck, at low tide, Sept. 29, 1954. Sta. 17. In 1-2 meter depths in the bombed out docking area at Jabor, Jaluit Island, at low tide, Sept. 30, 1954. Sta. 18. Under edges of rocks at medium tide levels and above, lagoon side of Elizabeth Island near the pass, Oct. 1, 1954. Sta. 19. Edge of the reef of Kabenbock Island along the pass in 1-2 meter depths at low tide, Oct. 3, 1954. Sta. 20. Patch reef west of Sydney Pier in depths of 2-5 meters at low tide, Oct. 3, 1954. Sta. 21. Seaward reef, Jaluit Island in vicin- ity of Jabor, at +2. 0-3. O' tide levels, Oct. 4, 1954. Sta. 22. Lagoon side of Jaluit Island near Sydney Pier, at +2. 0-4. O' tide level, in shaded places under overhanging trees, Oct. 4, 1954. Sta. 23. Enybor Island, a few hundred me- ters inside the channel, in 1-3 m. depths at low tide, Oct. 7, 1954. Arno Atoll The extensive collections of Mr. Leonard Horwitz at Arno Atoll as a member of the Pacific Science Board’s 1951 coral atoll team, were made largely in the vicinity of Ine village on Ine Island along the south side of the atoll from late June until late August 1951. In- asmuch as the collection stations on Ine were very numerous they will not be itemized here but treated only as to '’Ocean side” or "La- goon side” of the island. Additional informa- tion may be obtained by consulting Mr. Hor- witz’ original field notebook, a microfilm copy of which is deposited with the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Sta. 24. Ocean side of Ine Island, June- August 1951. Sta. 25. Lagoon side of Ine Island, June- August 1951. Sta. 26. Ocean side of eastern tip of Tinak Island, August 5, 1951. Sta. 27. Sandy bottom of lagoon flat off Malel Island, August 4, 1951. Algae of Southern Marshalls — Dawson 27 Sta. 28. Lagoon shore of Eoneb-je Island, June-August 1951. Sta. 29. Upper half of reef pavement of western end of Boki, August 18, 1951. SYSTEMATIC LIST Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Greville 1830: 180, pi. 18; Setchell and Gardner 1920: 251, pi. 14, figs. 7-8, pi. 16, fig. 3; Bliding 1948: 128, figs. 5-9. Viva com- pressa Linnaeus 1755: 433 (Sweden) Fig. 1 Majuro Atoll: D. 12769, Sta. 10. This is a short form but apparently typical, agreeing well with both the recent accounts cited above. Fig. 1. Enteromorpha compressa: Habit sketch of a thallus, X 1. Fig. 2. Enteromorpha ralfsii: Part of a filament of D. 12658, X 50. Enteromorpha kylinii Bliding 1948: 1, figs. 1-3 (West coast of Sweden); Dawson 1954: 384, fig. 5 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12658b, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12728, 12740, Sta. 7. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13153a, Sta. 21. This material is small and short, but structurally agrees well with this species. Enteromorpha ralfsii Harvey 1851: pi. 282 (Wales); Hamel 1931: 59, fig. 46d Fig. 2 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12658, Sta. 5. The filaments of this material are capillary, essen- tially simple, about 40 g in diameter, and composed of only 3 or 4 rows of cells. Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) J. Agardh 1883: 153; Bliding 1944: 331, figs. 5-7; Dawson 1954: 384, fig. 6d, e. Conferva clathrata Roth 1806: 175 (Baltic Sea) Jaluit Atoll: D. 13072, Sta. 15. This is Bliding’s Typus II of this variable species. Uniseriate branches are abundant as in the Vietnamese material cited. Arno Atoll: H. 9678, Sta. 25. Halicystis pyriformis Levring 1941: 612, fig. 3 L-P (Juan Fernandez Islands); Daw- son 1954: 388, Fig. 8a-c 28 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13009, Sta. 12. These are in good agreement in all respects. The largest vesicles are 4 mm. high. Valonia aegagropila C. Agardh 1822: 429 (Venice, Italy); Taylor 1950: 41; Dawson 1954: 388, fig. 8j Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12567, Sta. 1; D. 12626, Sta. 2; D. 12662, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12747, Sta. 8. Arno Atoll: H. 9333b, 9392a, Sta. 26; H. 9630, Sta. 24. Valonia ventricosa J. Agardh 1887: 96 (St. Croix, Virgin Islands); Dawson 1954: 388, fig. 8e Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12609, Sta. 2. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13056, Sta. 13; D. 13124a, Sta. 19. Plants were abundant in these localities and often 5-6 cm. in diameter. Arno Atoll: H. 9491a, Sta. 28. A few very small plants only 2-3 mm. high, but with the characteristic basal attachment cells. Valonia utricularis (Roth) C. Agardh 1822: 431; Taylor 1950: 41. Conferva utricularis Roth 1797: 160, pi. 1, fig. 1 (Mediterranean Sea) Fig. 3 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13122, Sta. 19. The spec- imen is apparently typical, agreeing with Fig. 3. Valonia utricularis: A plant of D. 13122 as seen from the under side, X 2. PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 4. Dictyosphaeria bokotensis: Reproduction of Ya- mada’s original illustration of a specimen of the type collection, X 2. Roth’s original figures of dry specimens, poor as they are. Dictyosphaeria bokotensis Yamada 1925: 81, fig. 1 (Pescadores Islands, Formosa) Fig. 4 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12596a, Sta. 1. This collection includes but two specimens, both imperfect from the breaking away of the dome of the hollow thallus. The abundance of long, intracellular spines (trabeculae) and the uni- formly small cells of the upper parts of the hollow plants are distinctive. Yamada reports this species from Ant Atoll in the Caroline Islands. Dictyosphaeria intermedia var. solida Nasr 1944: 32 (Ghardaqa, Red Sea); Nasr 1947: 29, ph 1, fig. 1; Taylor 1950: 42 (as D. intermedia Weber van Bosse) Fig. 5 Fig. 5. Dictyosphaeria intermedia var. solida: Two young specimens from D. 12635, X 2. Algae of Southern Marshalls — Dawson Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12635, Sta. 2; D. 12557, D. 12596, Sta. 1. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13017, Sta. 12. Arno Atoll: H. 9390b, Sta. 26. Young specimens of our collections cor- respond closely with Nasr’s plant which came from a similar habitat ’'on the edges of dead corals in places exposed to strong waves and firmly adhering to the substratum by basal rhizoids." In most of the specimens of later stages an irregular development of cavernous invaginations takes place in the gregarious thalli, but hardly the development of a hollow structure in the sense of Weber van Bosse’s type plants (1905: 143). Taylor does not speak of his northern Marshall Island spec- imens as being hollow, but that "it is not infrequent for the organization of the coeno- cyte into solid thalli to be irregular, even loose, and in such cases the cells are large." On the other hand, D. 12596 includes some examples in which the inner breakdown to the hollow condition has occurred, and which would correspond with Dictyosphaeria inter- media var. intermedia W. van B. Others are solid like Nasr’s plant. This is probably the plant redescribed by Yamada (1944^) as D. mutica. Dictyosphaeria versluysii Weber van Bosse 1905: 144 (Indonesia); Dawson 1954: 388, fig. 8k, 1 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12560, Sta. 1. Arno Atoll: H. 9265a, Sta. 24; H. 9392, Sta. 26. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsk.) B0r- gesen 1932: 2, pi. 1, fig. 1; Taylor 1950: 43, pi. 27, fig. 2; Dawson 1954: 388, fig. 8i. Ulva cavernosa Forskal 1775: 187 (Red Sea) Majuro Atoll: D. 12687, Sta. 6; D. 12719, Sta. 6 (fragmentary material of the large, coarse, flat form illustrated by Taylor) ; D. 12764, Sta. 9. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13083, Sta. 16; D. 13104, Sta. 18. 29 Arno Atoll: H. 9343, Sta. 27; H. 9599b, Sta. 25; H. 9493a, sandy floor of lagoon reef off Matal-En. The large, flat form. The majority of the specimens of these collections represent the small, hollow, reef- flat form which is almost identical with the Vietnamese plant illustrated by Dawson 1954. Boodlea vanbosseae Reinbold 1905: 148 (Lucipara Island, Indonesia); Reinbold, in Weber van Bosse 1913: 70, fig. 12 Fig. 6 Fig. 6. Boodlea vanbosseae: Part of a plant teased out of a clump from H. 9330, showing the rhizoidal branches and fibulae, X 7. Arno Atoll: H. 9330, H. 9372a, Sta. 26; H. 9343a, H. 9373b, H. 9374, Sta. 27. This material is manifestly like that described and illustrated by Reinbold. The filaments are 200-300 g in diameter and are provided with abundant rhizoidal branches. The haptera, or fibulae, which may be frequent or rather few, arise directly from the ends of cells without the formation of a cross wall except in rare instances. Yamada (1925: 87) illustrates a plant from Formosa which shows great resemblance to this species and described it as Cladophora montagnei Kiitzing var. radicans Yamada. Al- though he shows none of the fibulae char- 30 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 7. Cladophoropsis gracillima: Reproduction of original illustration of plants of the type collection from Mexico, a. Terminal portion of a branched filament showing the manner of septation of branches; b, small portion of a skein-like plant to show the extremely long cells and infrequent branching, X 8. acteristic of Boodlea , the habit, size, cell shape and rhizoids strongly suggest identity with Boodlea vanbosseae. Boodlea composita (Harv.) Brand 1904: 187; Taylor 1950: 44; Dawson 1954: 390, fig. 9c, d. Cladophora composita Harvey 1834: 157 (Mauritius) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12587, Sta. 1 (a slender form with ultimate branches only 70 /i or less in diameter; D. 12613, Sta. 2; D. 12649, Sta. 3; D. 12659, Sta. 4. Majuro Atoll: D. 12698, 12701, Sta. 6. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13106, Sta. 18; D. 13139, Sta. 20. Arno Atoll: H. 9493c, Sta. 28; H. 9581c, Sta. 25. Struvea anastomosans (Harv.) Piccone and Grunow, ex Piccone 1884^: 20; Dawson 1954: 390, fig. 8g. Cladophora ? anastomo- sans Harvey 1859, ph 101 (Fremantle, West Australia) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12603, Sta. 2; D. 12671, Sta. 5. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13047, Sta. 13. Cladophoropsis gracillima Dawson 1950^: 149, figs. 12-13 (Punta Palmilla, Baja California, Mexico) Fig. 7 Arno Atoll: H. 9327, H. 9333a, Sta. 26. This material, with its very long cells and thick, stratified cell walls (often 10 /i or more) is identical with the type of this tropical Mexican species. The filaments are mostly 70-100 fi in diameter and remotely branched and septate except in the outer parts of some filaments which are septate much as shown in Dawson’s figure reproduced above. This species has heretofore been known only from the type material. Cladophoropsis sundanensis Reinbold 1905: 147 (Timor); Reinbold, in Weber van Bosse 1913: 77, fig. 18; Dawson, Aleem and Halstead 1955: 10 Fig. 8 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12593, Sta. 1. Algae of Southern Marshalls — Dawson Fig. 8. Cladophoropsis sundanensis: a , Habit of part of a plant of D. 12712, X 7.5; b , detail of branching of part of a plant of D. 12593, X 20. Majuro Atoll: D. 12699, 12711, Sta. 6; D. 12712, 12714, in abundant, large mats along the lagoon shore of Dalap Island. This slender, laxly branched form is most probably the same as the plant attributed to Clado- phoropsis zollingeri by Taylor (1950). While the diameter of C. sundanensis ranges from about 60 to 130 g, or sometimes to 175 /jl , C. zollingeri is a coarser plant in which the type specimen according to Howe (1914) has fila- ments 215-315 m in diameter. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13012, Sta. 12. Arno Atoll: H. 9490, Sta. 28. The fila- ments in these are mostly 80-90 /jl in diameter; the occurrence of septa at the base of lateral branches is not infrequent, although in most instances the characteristic Cladophoropsis type of branching obtains. 31 Fig. 9. Siphonodadus rigidus: Habit of a plant of D. 12574, X 5. Siphonodadus rigidus Howe 1905^: 245, pis. 13-14 (Bahamas Islands) Fig. 9 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12574, Sta. 1. Al- though this material is somewhat depauper- ate, it is in excellent agreement with Howe’s plant which heretofore has been recorded only from the Atlantic Caribbean region. Arno Atoll: H. 9333d, Sta. 24; H. 9505, Sta. 28. These are more repent in habit than either Atlantic or Kwajalein specimens seen but hardly to be distinguished otherwise. Anadyomene wrightii Gray 1866: 48, pi. 44, fig. 5 (Ryukyu Archipelago); Dawson 1954: 390, fig. 9e Jaluit Atoll: D. 13105, Sta. 18. Most of these specimens from high intertidal rock clefts are dwarfish, but some are sufficiently well developed to show satisfactory compari- son with Japanese and Vietnamese examples. Arno Atoll: H. 9190, Sta. 24; H. 9491, Sta. 28. Small, but good, well developed material. 32 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 10. Rhipidiphyllon reticulatum: Part of a plant from H. 9372b to show branching, X 12.5. Rhipidiphyllon reticulatum (Askenasy) Heydrich 1894: 281, pi. 15, fig. 1; Taylor 1950: 47; Bprgesen 1924: 251, figs. 3-4. Anadyomene reticulata Askenasy 1888: 5, pi. 2, fig. 7 (Dirk Harteg Isl., West Aus- tralia) Fig. 10 Arno Atoll: H. 9372b, H. 9486, H. 9487a, Sta. 28; H. 9444a, Sta. 24. Microdictyon okamurai Setchell 1929: 553, fig. 76-84 (Ryukyu Islands); Yamada 1934: 40, figs. 6-7; Taylor 1950: 46, pi. 27, fig. 1 Fig. 11^ Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12551, Sta. 1; D. 12627, Sta. 2. J alljit Atoll: D. 13101, Sta. 18. Arno Atoll: H. 9592b, Sta. 25 (cell walls mostly under 7 /x); H. 9390a, Sta. 26. The cell walls in this species are very thin, about 3-5 (6) /x thick, compared to M. setchellianum in which they are mostly over 10 n thick, sometimes up to 16-20 /x. The segment and mesh diameters of the two spe- cies are similar, although some forms of M . setchellianum are considerably coarser. Set- ch ell’s illustrations are ample and explicit. Microdictyon setchellianum Howe 1934: 38 (Honolulu, Hawaii); Egerod 1952: 366, pi. 33, fig. 6c-g; Setchell 1929: 561, figs. 85-92 (as Af. velleyanum) Fig. 11 b Fig. 11. a, Microdictyon okamurai: A few cells, one with fibula, showing the thin walls, X 38; b, Micro- dictyon setchellianum: A few cells, one with fibula, show- ing the thick walls, X 38. Arno Atoll: H. 9372, Sta. 26; H. 9345a, Sta. 26 (cell walls mostly 7-10 /x thick); H. 9343b, Sta. 27; H. 9495, Sta. 28 (a very dark green, coarse form). Microdictyon pseudohapteron Gepp and Gepp 1908: 165, pi. 22, figs. 1-4 (Western Indian Ocean); Setchell 1929: 549, figs. 71-75 Fig. 12 Arno Atoll: H. 9628a, Sta. 24. A single small tufted plant is present of this species, but is readily distinguished by its relatively delicate frond from the coarser M. okamurai and M. setchellianum of which the former grew in the same immediate locality. The filaments reach a maximum of somewhat less than 200 /x while the outer cells are only about 100 \x in diameter. Algae of Southern Marshalls — Dawson Rhizoclonium samoense Setchell 1924: 177, fig. 42 (Tutuila, Samoa) Fig. 13 a Jaluit Atoll: D. 13154, Sta. 22, at highest intertidal level under shade of trees with par- tial fresh-water influence. This material with filaments 45-70 g in diameter is in close agreement with Setchell’s plant which came from the same kind of habitat in Samoa and is of similar filament diameter (45-80 \x). Whether his species is really distinct from the widespread R. tortuosum (Dillw.) Kiitz. seems, however, to be doubtful. Arno Atoll: H. 9487, Sta. 28, from deep under an overhanging beach rock slab, may be the same as the above, although a more densely intertwined, pulvinate rather than fleecy mass is formed of somewhat more branched filaments. Chaetomorpha indica Kiitzing 1849: 37 6 (Tranquebar, southeast India); B0rgesen 1935: 12, fig. 2; Dawson 1954: 386, fig. 6f,g & Fig. 12. Microdictyon pseudohapteron: Reproduction of original illustration of the Gepps’ Indian Ocean type, X 8. 33 Fig. 13. a, Rhizoclonium samoense: A small part of a single filament from D. 13154, X 66. b , c, Cladophora crystallina, D. 12658: b, An upper part of a plant to show branching, X 50; c, a lower part of the same plant, X 50. Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12661, Sta. 5, in good agreement with both the Bombay and Viet Nam plants cited above. Majuro Atoll: D. 12745a, Sta. 8. This is apparently an entangled, partly free form of this species growing with Cladophoropsis sun- danensis. Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kiitzing 1845: 213; Hamel 1929: 53, fig. 12B. Con- ferva crystallina Roth 1797: 196 (Baltic Sea) Fig. 13 b, c Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12658a, Sta. 5, mixed with Enteromorpha kylinii and E. ralfsii. With a diameter of about 110 g below and ultimate branches of about 20 g diameter, this corresponds excellently with Hamel’s in- terpretation of this species although only about 2-3 cm. in height. The small diameter 34 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 and pectinate branching of the ultimate seg- ments are characteristic together with the gradually enlarged lower segments. Cladophora socialis Kiitzing 1849: 416; 1854, Tab. Phyc. 4: pi. 71 (Tahiti); B0r- gesen 1946: 28. Cladophora patentiramea var. longiarticulata Reinbold, in Weber van Bosse 1913: 84; Dawson 1954: 388, fig. 7e Jaluit Atoll: D. 13088, Sta. 16. The pres- ent material is much like the Kiitzing type in habit, but has longer cells. B0rgesen’s study of similar plants from Mauritius has led to his conclusion that Reinbold’s Indonesian plant is only a form of C. socialis with longer cells. Bryopsis indica Gepp and Gepp 1908: 169, pi. 22, figs. 10-11 (Coetivy Reef, Indian Ocean); Taylor 1950: 50 Fig. 14^ Fig. 14. a , Bryopsis indica: Reproduction of the Gepps’ original illustration of a small portion of the type showing the double row of pinnae, X 37. b , Der- besia ryukiuensis: A single sporangium from H. 9520, X 187. Arno Atoll: H. 9472, H. 9543, Sta. 24. These specimens agree well with this Indian Ocean species recently reported by Taylor from Eniwetok Atoll. They are symmetrically branched like the type, not secund near the tip as Taylor’s. The double row of pinnae on either side is distinctive. Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux 1809^: 134, pi. 3, fig. la, b (Antilles); Dawson 1954: 393, %. lib Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12602, Sta. 2 (with partly tetrastichous pinnae which are very long); D. 12667, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12709, Sta. 6; D. 12715, lagoon shore of Enierippu Island in 2-5 ft. at low tide. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13052, Sta. 13; D. 13067, Sta. 15; D. 13127, Sta. 19; D. 13153, Sta. 21. Arno Atoll: H. 9176, H. 9219, H. 9260, Sta. 24. Derbesia ryukyuensis Yamada and Tanaka 1938: 64, fig. 5 (Pinai, Yonakuni Island, Ryukyu Archipelago) Fig. 14 b Arno Atoll: H. 9520, H. 9542, H. 9551, Sta. 24. This richly developed material from the reef drop-off is in very good agreement with the type as illustrated (l.c.), especially as to details of structure of the sporangia. The specimens are somewhat smaller throughout as to diameter of filaments (about 25 n) and size of sporangia (about 80 /jl long), but on the other hand some of them are much more extensively developed vegetatively, up to 7-9 cm. long and forming an entangled skein. Derbesia marina (Lyngbye) Solier 1847: 158. Vaucheria marina Lyngbye 1819:79, pi. 22, fig. A (Denmark) Fig. 15 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13048, 13057, Sta. 13. This material is somewhat smaller than aver- age, but is larger than the plants described as Derbesia minima Weber van Bosse. The shape, proportions and pedicellation of the sporangia agree well with D. marina . Derbesia attenuata Dawson 1954: 390, fig. 9a, b (Nhatrang, Viet Nam) Majuro Atoll: D. 12685, Sta. 6; D. 12750, Sta. 8. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13146, Sta. 20; (a con- fusing mixture in which some of the plants seem to grade into a Bryopsis -like form). Arno Atoll: H. 9165b, H. 9290a, Sta. 24. Material corresponding with the type has Algae of Southern Marshalls — DAWSON recently been recognized at Isla Socorro, Mexico as well as at these several Marshall Island stations. It is suspected that it is not an autonomous species, but a stage in the development of some other green alga. Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa (Kiitz.) Taylor 1928: 101, pi. 12, fig. 3, pi. 13, fig. 9; Taylor 1950: 63; Dawson 1954: 393, fig. 10c. Chauvinia macrophysa Kiitzing 1857, Tab. Phyc. 7: 6, pi. 15 II (Central America) Fig. 15. Derbesia marina: a , Mature sporangium, X 300; b, habit of part of a fertile plant, X 17 (redrawn from Saunders). Jaluit Atoll: D. 13166, Sta. 23. Arno Atoll: H. 9576b, Sta. 25. Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata ( J. Ag.) Eubank 1946: 420, fig. 2o-q. Caulerpa clavifera var. turbinata J. Agardh 1837: 173 (Red Sea) Fig. 16^ Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12556, Sta. 1. These plants have ramuli of variable form on a single individual. Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata (Lam.) Eubank 1946: 421, fig. 2r, s. Caulerpa pel- 35 Fig. 16. a , Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata: A small upper part of a plant of D. 12556, X 4; b , Caulerpa. racemosa var. peltata: A small part of a plant of D,. 13119, X 4. tata Lamouroux 1809^: 145; Taylor 1950: 65 Fig. 16b Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12562, Sta. 1; D. 12624, Sta. 2; D. 12675, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12720, lagoon shore of Enierippu Island. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13029, Sta. 12; D. 13119, Sta. 19. Arno Atoll: H. 9682, Sta. 25. Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh 1822: 435; Yamada 1934: 67, figs. 36-37. Fucus taxifolius Vahl 1799: 36 (West Indies) Fig. 17 Arno Atoll: H. 9684, Sta. 25. Rather dwarfish material but identical with Ryukyu specimens illustrated by Yamada. Caulerpa vickersiae Bprgesen 1911: 129 (Virgin Islands). Dawson 1954: 392, fig. 9f (as C. ambigua Okam.); Eubank 1946: 410, pi. 22, fig. 2a, b (as C. ambigua ) Fig. 18 36 Fig. 17. Caulerpa taxifolia: Habit of part of a plant, X 1.5 (redrawn from Yamada). Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12564a, Sta. 1. These specimens are in full agreement with Bprgesen’s West Indian plant and with spec- imens from Viet Nam reported under the name C. ambigua. The fortunate discovery in the reef turf on Kwajalein Island of specimens which match the original figures of Oka- mura’s C. ambigua and which show such clear distinction from C. vickersiae growing in the same habitat, has led me to the following conclusions regarding these two names which have been discussed in recent years alter- nately by Eubank-Egerod and by Bprgesen. B0rgesen was right in his interpretation that Okamura had mixed two species in preparing his initial account of C. ambigua Okamura (1897: 4, pi. 1, figs. 3-12) and that his de- scription and figures applied mainly to the one of these having basally contracted branches. This plant with basally contracted, multifarious branchlets, unlike those of C. vickersiae Bprgesen, was maintained by Oka- mura as representative of his species up to the time of his death (see Okamura 1936: PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 18. Caulerpa vickersiae: Part of a plant of D. 12564a showing the regular distichous branching, X 9. 105, fig. 54). The figures presented here show how clearly distinct are these two plants which are sometimes found growing side by side in the same reef turf. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13022, Sta. 12. This small specimen is for the most part bifur- cately and multifariously branched. It shows considerable superficial resemblance to C. ambigua and is apparently like the multifari- ously branched Hawaiian specimens confused by Eubank with C. ambigua. It is distinct from C. ambigua in lacking the swollen, basally contracted branchlets and in being irregularly and incompletely multifarious. Caulerpa ambigua Okamura 1897: 4, pi. 1, figs. 3-8, 11-12 (Ryukyu Islands); Oka- mura 1936: 105, fig. 54 Fig. 19 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12673a, Sta. 5. See comments above under C. vickersiae. Caulerpa antoensis Yamada 1944£: 27, pi. 1, fig. 1 (Ant Atoll, near Ponape, Caroline Islands) Fig. 20 Majuro Atoll: D. 12692, Sta. 6; D. 12725, Sta. 7. This material is identical with specimens seen by the writer from Saipan and probably is the same as that which Taylor Algae of Southern Marshalls — Dawson (1950: 55, pi. 28, fig. 2) has described from Rongelap Atoll as Caulerpa are ni cola. Some of the specimens are more irregularly branched than others. Arno Atoll: H. 9681a, Sta. 25. Caulerpa elongata Weber van Bosse 1898: 271, pi. 21, figs. 5-6 (Macassar, Indo- nesia); Taylor 1950: 54, pi. 28, fig. 1, pi. 52, fig. 1 Arno Atoll: H. 9592, H. 9599f, H. 9601, Sta. 25. This is in full agreement with the species as recently reported by Taylor from Bikini Atoll. Both distichous and polysti- chous branching occur on the plants of these collections. Fig. 19- Caulerpa ambigua: A plant of D. 12673a showing the multifarious branching and basally con- tracted branchlets, X 8. Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh 1847: 6 (At- lantic Mexico Taylor 1950: 54; Dawson 1954: 392, fig. 10b Majuro Atoll: D. 12783, Sta. 11. Arno Atoll: H. 9059b, H. 9681, H. 9685, Sta. 25. Caulerpa urvilliana Montagne 1845: 21 (Toud Island, Torres Straits ?); Taylor 1950: 60, pi. 31, fig. 1, pi. 32, fig. 1 Fig. 21 37 Fig. 20. Caulerpa antoensis: Part of a plant from D. 12692 showing many sand grains adhering to rhizoids, X 5. Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12595, Sta. 1; D. 12656, Sta. 4. Majuro Atoll: D. 12696, Sta. 6. Arno Atoll: H. 9581b, Sta. 25; H. 9373a, Sta. 27; H. 9493, Sta. 28; H. 9614a, Sta. 29. The material of these collections is vari- Fig. 21. Caulerpa urvilliana var. urvilliana f. tristicha: A small upper part of a plant of D. 12656, X 3. 38 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 able, some being dwarfish and depauperate while others are vegetatively well developed. The better developed ones correspond with what Taylor calls var. typica f. tristicha (J. Ag.) Weber van Bosse. Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe 1905^: 576. Fucus sertularioides Gmelin 1768: 151, pi. 15, fig. 4 ("America”) Fig. 22 Fig. 22. Caulerpa sertularioides: Habit of a plant from D. 12655, X 1.5. Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12655, Sta. 4. Caulerpa serrulata (Forsk.) J. Agardh, emend. Bprgesen 1932: 5, pi. 1, fig. 2; Taylor 1950: 57, pi. 29, fig. 1, pi. 30; Dawson 1954: 393, fig. 10a. Fucus serrulatus Forskal 1775: 179 (Red Sea) Fig. 23 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12563, Sta. 1; D. 12680, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12785, Sta. 11. This material corresponds with the type variety of the species which Taylor has called C. serrulata Fig. 23. Caulerpa serrulata var. serrulata f. spiralis: Part of a plant from H. 9225, X 3.5. var. typica f. serrulata (Weber van Bosse) Gilbert. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13064, Sta. 15; D. 13144, Sta. 21. Arno Atoll: H. 9159, H. 9550, Sta. 24. These correspond with var. boryana ( J. Ag.) Gilbert as reported and illustrated by Taylor (1950: 59, pi. 30, fig. 2). H. 9225, H. 9262, Sta. 24. These correspond with var. typica f. spiralis (Weber van Bosse) Gilbert as inter- preted by Taylor in his text although the name "var. typica f. angusta ” is employed in his key. Codium arabicum Kiitzing5 1856, Tab. Phyc. 6: 35, pi. 100, fig. 2 (Tor, Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez, Egypt) Fig. 24 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12550, Sta. 1. Majuro Atoll: D. 12758, Sta. 9; D. 12775, Sta. 10. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13081, Sta. 16. Arno Atoll: H. 9599a, Sta. 25. 6 This and all other Codium material cited here was determined by Dr. P. C. Silva. Algae of Southern Marshalls — DAWSON 39 Codium ovale Zanardini 1878: 37 (New Guinea) Fig. 25 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12398, Sta. 2. Majuro Atoll: D. 12778, Sta. 11. Codium geppii O. C. Schmidt 1923: 50, fig. 33 (Malaya); Dawson 1954: 395, fig. 13k Fig. 26 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12552, Sta. 1; D. 12606, Sta. 2. Dr. Silva, in a personal com- munication, says of these plants: "This ma- terial is certainly to be assigned to the geppii complex, but just where it fits into the picture I cannot say for the moment. It is closer to C. edule from Hawaii than to typical geppii from Indonesia; that is, the branches are thicker and less markedly divaricate than in typical geppii . It matches material from the Philippines and from Okinawa very nicely." Majuro Atoll: D. 12733, Sta. 7; D. 12744, Sta. 8. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13002, Sta. 12. Pseudochlorodesmis furcellata (Zarnard.) Bprgesen 1925: 78, figs. 30-34; Dawson 1954: 395, fig. 11c. Bryopsis furcellata Za- nardini 1843: 60 (Adriatic Sea) Fig. 24. Codium arabicum : Habit of a plant from D. 12758, X 1.5. Fig. 25. Codium ovale: Habit of a plant from D. 12778, X 2. Fig. 26. Codium geppii: Habit of part of a plant from D. 12606, X 1. Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12570a, Sta. 1. Geppella mortensenii Bprgesen 1940: 55, figs. 16-18 (Mauritius) Fig. 27 Arno Atoll: H. 9462, Sta. 24; H. 9581g, Sta. 25. Several small plants are present in these collections of mixed small algae. They are somewhat less broadly flabellately devel- oped than Bprgesen’s type, but otherwise are identical in size and structure with this spe- cies known heretofore only from Mauritius. Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne 1842: 108 (near Guadeloupe, West Indies); Taylor 1950: 69, pi. 34, fig. 2 Arno Atoll: H. 9576a, Sta. 25. Two poor, somewhat fragmentary specimens are in agree- ment with Taylor’s material from Rongerik 40 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 27. Geppella mortensenii: Habit of a plant from H. 9462, X 10. and Bikini atolls and assigned to this West Indian species with some doubt. In view of the occurrence of a number of other tropical species both in the Marshall Islands and the West Indies, this distribution does not seem extraordinary. In any case, the characters of the present materials do not suggest a dis- tinction from this species as elaborately treated by A. and Ethel Gepp (1911). Rhipilia orientalis A. and Ethel Gepp 1911: 57, figs. 134-136 (Borneo Bank); Taylor 1950: 72, pi. 36, fig. 1 Arno Atoll: H. 9185, H. 9167, Sta. 24. These fine specimens from the reef drop-off are in excellent agreement with those of the original account, even as to the thin, "trans- lucent” character of some of the thalli. The thallus filaments are more slender in general, ranging from 18-30 /jl , but the variation be- tween and within specimens would suggest that this is an environmental response. Like Taylor’s northern Marshall Island specimens, the tenacula vary from two-to four-pronged. Yamada (1944^) has described a species, Rhipilia micronesica , from Ant Atoll, Caroline Islands, basing its distinction from R. orien- talis on more slender frond filaments (20-32 /jl) and the tentacular processes occurring only in pairs. The variability of the present spec- imens in these respects suggests that Yama- da’s plants are probably essentially the same as some of ours and doubtfully distinct from R. orientalis . Examination of more material from the type locality will be necessary to settle this point. Horwitz 9360, Sta. 25, seems to represent a large, heavier, greener form of R. orientalis. Although taken on the reef flat in full light, the plants are of size and color suggesting R. diaphana Taylor, a deep-water plant. The structure so corresponds with R. orientalis as to preclude assignment to one of the other species such as R. tomentosa or R. tenaculosa. Udotea palmetta Decaisne 1842: 380, pi. 17, fig. 15 (Galega Island, Western Indian Ocean ?); A. and Ethel Gepp 1911: 122, figs. 10, 11, 54; Bprgesen 1940: 59 Fig. 28 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12554, Sta. 1. Majuro Atoll: D. 12743, Sta. 8. Arno Atoll: H. 957 6, H. 9599c, Sta. 25; H. 9340a, H. 9390e, Sta. 26. Most of the specimens are much smaller than the type illustrated by the Gepps, but among the Arno collections are some spec- imens under H. 9576 which are almost iden- tical in size with the type and also in satis- factory agreement on anatomical details. From Taylor’s (1950) discussion and illus- trations of plants attributed to U. indica one gets the impression that they should instead be referred to U . palmetta, for he says "but the blade filament appendages are often much longer and less blunt [than in U. indica fig- ured by the Gepps], never truncate.” Udotea javensis (Mont.) A. and Ethel Gepp 1904: 363; Taylor 1950: 73; Dawson 1954: 395, fig. 13 b, c. Rhipidosiphon javensis Mon- tagne 1842: 15 (Java) Algae of Southern Marshalls — DAWSON Fig. 28. Udotea palmetta: a , Habit of a relatively large plant from H. 9576, XI b, exposed part of a thallus filament showing the lateral appendages, X 114; c, part of an inner thallus filament showing a dichotomy, X 114. Majuro Atoll: D. 12716, lagoon side of Enierippu Isl.; D. 12779, Sta. 11. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13046, Sta. 13. Tydemannia expeditionis Weber van Bosse 1901:139 (Indonesia); Taylor 1950: 73, pi. 38, fig. 1; Srinivasan 1954: 247-255 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13060, Sta. 13; D. 13123, D. 13128, Sta. 19 (includes a plant showing the flabellate form of the thallus); D. 13163, Sta. 23. Halimeda fragilis Taylor 1950: 88, pi. 48, fig. 2 (Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands) Arno Atoll: H. 9160, Sta. 24; H. 9673, Sta. 25. These specimens from reef drop-offs are in full agreement with Taylor’s account. Halimeda monile (Solander) Lamouroux 1812: 186; Taylor 1950: 92, pi. 50, fig. 1. Halimeda incrassata f. monilis (Solander) Barton 1901: 27, pi. 4, fig.40:Yamada 1941: 41 118, fig. 12. Corallina monile Solander 1786: 110, pi. 20, fig. c (Jamaica) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12653, Sta. 4; D. 12670, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12755, Sta. 8. This appears to be a short, much-branched, de- pauperate form of this plant resembling the Indonesian specimens illustrated by Barton (1901: pi. 4, fig. 44) as H. incrassata f. pusilla. Halimeda cuneata f. digitata Barton 1901: 16, pi. 2, fig. 9 (Indonesia); Yamada 1941: 111, fig. 4. Fig. 29 Fig. 29* Halimeda cuneata f. digitata: Habit of a plant, X 0.55 (redrawn from Yamada). Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12620, Sta. 2. Iden- tical with the illustration of the type. Halimeda stuposa Taylor 1950: 90, pi. 43, fig. 1, pi. 49, pi. 50, fig. 2 (Naen Island, Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12621, Sta. 2. Halimeda opuntia (L.) Lamouroux 1816: 308; Taylor 1950: 80, pi. 39, fig- 1; Dawson 1954: 395, fig. 12. Corallina opuntia Lin- naeus 1758: 805, in part (Mediterranean Sea) 42 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12619, Sta. 2. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13099, Sta. 13. An abundant form making large clumps in depths of 5 meters or more, but with quite delicate segments. D. 13112, Sta. 18. A coarser, distinctly ribbed form near what Tay- lor calls f. hederacea . D. 13124, Sta. 19. A form somewhat intermediate between f. he- deracea and f. minima. Halimeda gracilis Harvey, ex. J. G. Agardh 1887: 82 (Ceylon); Taylor 1950: 83, pi. 42 Arno Atoll: H. 9525x, H. 9545, Sta. 24. These specimens from the reef drop-off at depths of about 6 meters seem to be nearly identical with the forma elegans Yamada (194 4b: 28, pi. 3) described from Palao, Caroline Islands. In 1941, previous to the 1944 validation with Latin, he gave a better figure, number 11 on page 117, together with a Japanese diagnosis. Halimeda taenicola Taylor 1950: 86, pi. 46, fig. 1 (Rongerik Atoll, Marshall Islands) Jaluit Atoll: D. 13111, Sta. 18. Neomeris mucosa Howe 1909: 84, pi. 1, fig. 5, pi. 5, figs. 1-14 (Bahamas Islands); Yamada and Tanaka 1938: 59, fig. 3 Fig. 30 c Arno Atoll: H. 9474, Sta. 28. This single clump of nine axes is in good habit agreement with Howe’s photograph of the liquid-pre- served type and with Yamada and Tanaka’s fine illustration of a far western Pacific spec- imen. The sporangia are like that figured by Koster (1937) and reproduced here. The excessively mucous character of the plants together with the distinctive difference in the peduncle of the sporangia set this species apart from the closely related N. hilimhata. The plant is found in the Bahamas growing together with Neomeris annulata , as it also is in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Neomeris bilimbata Koster 1937: 221, pi. 15, figs. 1, 4, 5 (Itu-Aba, South China Sea) Fig. 30 a, h Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12549, Sta. 1. This material, with which a few examples of Neo- meris annulata are mixed, agrees in detail with the plant described by Koster. The distinctive differences between the sporangia of this species and of N. vanhosseae and N. mucosa are shown in her illustrations reproduced here. It would seem that the plants attributed by Taylor (1950) to N. vanhosseae may be of this species. He says they "were rather smaller in stature than those described by Howe and likewise differed slightly in many structural details.” Jaluit Atoll: D. 13100, Sta. 18. Neomeris annulata Dickie 1874: 198 (Mau- ritius); Egerod 1952: 400, pi. 40, text fig. 2 la-1, 22a, c; Dawson 1954: 396, fig. 13e Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12549a, Sta. 1; D. 12679, Sta. 5. Majuro Atoll: D. 12780, Sta. 11. Acetabularia exigua Solms-Laubach 1895: 28, pi. 2, figs. 1, 4 ("Tropical eastern Asia, Macassar, Celebes”) Fig. 31 Fig. 30. a , b, Neomeris bilimbata: a, A sporangium; b , upper part of a primary branch from which the sporangium has fallen, c, Neomeris mucosa: A sporan- gium. d, Neomeris vanhosseae: A sporangium (all figures X 150, redrawn from Koster). Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12644, Sta. 2. This material is rather variable in ray number and shape, but is in satisfactory agreement with this species. Algae of Southern Marshalls — - Dawson Fig. 31. Acetabularia exigua: Habit of a plant of D. 12644, X 10. Arno Atoll: H. 9238a, Sta. 24. A few individuals growing with more numerous A. moebii. Acetabularia moebii Solms-Laubach 1895: 30, pi., 4, fig. 1 (Mauritius) ; Dawson 1954: 397, fig. 13j Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12642, Sta. 2. Majuro Atoll: A single individual ex- amined but no specimen made. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13008, Sta. 12. Arno Atoll: H. 9232, H. 9238, Sta. 24. Ectocarpus indicus Sonder, in Zollinger 1854: 3 (Indonesia); Weber van Bosse 1913: 129, %. 34; B0rgesen 1941: 16, figs. 6-7; Taylor 1950: 95; 6-7. E. duchassaig- nianus Grunow 1867: 45, pi. 4, figs, a, b, c Fig. 32 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12630, D. 12637, Sta. 2. This material is fertile and well devel- oped. The irregular branching seems to be a criterion for distinguishing this plant from E. mitchellae in which the plurilocular sporan- gia are often similar. Vickers and Shaw’s (1908) illustration of E. duchassaignianus ( = £. indicus ) shows this branching distinction well when compared with their figure of E. guadel- oupensis (= E. mitchellae ). Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Agardh 1847: 7 (Pacific southern Mexico); Dawson 1954: 398, fig. 14, a, b Majuro Atoll: D. 12773, Sta. 10. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13089, Sta. 16. 43 Ectocarpus mitchellae Harvey 1852: 142, pi. 12G (Massachusetts, U. S. A.); Tay- lor 1950: 95; Dawson 1954: 400, fig. 14 c, d Majuro Atoll: D. 12741, Sta. 7. Note the difference in branching from E. indicus as mentioned above. Ralfsia expansa J. Agardh 1847: 7 (Vera Cruz, Mexico); B0rgesen 1914: 189, figs. 146-148; Weber van Bosse 1913: 146, fig. 45 Fig. 33 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12681, Sta. 5. Al- though sterile, this material agrees structur- ally with the figures and descriptions cited above. The bilateral condition is prominent when specimens are cut in certain planes. The identification is tentative. Fig. 32. Ectocarpus indicus: Habit of part of plant of Sonder’s type collection, X 24 (redrawn from Weber van Bosse). 44 Fig. 33. Kalfsia exp ansa: Part of a transection of a fertile thallus, X 58 (redrawn from Weber van Bosse). Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini 1840: 2, No. 6 (Dalmatia); Dawson 1954: 400, fig. I4i, j Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12577, D. 12588, Sta. 1; D. 12643, Sta. 3. Sphacelaria furcigera Kiitzing 1855, Tab. Phyc. 5, pi. 90, fig. 2 (Karak Island, Per- sian Gulf); Dawson 1954: 400, fig. I4h Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12554a, Sta. 1, epi- phytic on Udotea. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13044b, Sta. 13; D. 13172b, Sta. 23. Pocockiella variegata (Lamx.) Papenfuss 1943: 467, figs. 1-14; Taylor 1950: 97; Dawson 1954: 400, fig. 14k. Dictyota varie- gata Lamouroux 1809o 331 (Antilles) Jaluit Atoll: D. 13000, Sta. 12. Arno Atoll: H. 9281a, Sta. 24; H. 9340b, Sta. 26; H. 9367, Sta. 25. Pocockiella papenfussii Taylor 1950: 98, pi. 54, fig. 2 (Bikini Atoll, Marshall Is- lands) Arno Atoll: H. 9267, H. 9284, Sta. 24. These include well-developed plants to 350 /jl thick or more. PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Padina commersonii Bory 1828: 114 (lie de France); Taylor 1950: 100, pi. 54, fig. 1; Dawson 1954: 401, fig. 17 Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12555, Sta. 1, young plants just out of the Vaughaniella stage. Majuro Atoll: D. 12713, lagoon shore, Dalap Island; D. 12792, Sta. 11. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13033, sandy bottom of small boat landing at Jabor. Dictyopteris repens (Okamura) Bprgesen 1924: 265, fig. 13. Haliseris repens Okamura 1916: 8, pi. 1, figs. 7-18 (Truk, Caroline Islands) Fig. 34 Fig. 34. Dictyopteris repens: Part of a plant of D. 13036 as seen from the under side showing rhizoids along the midrib and the margins, X 2.25. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13036, Sta. 13; D. 13147, Sta. 20. Arno Atoll: H. 9260a, H. 9265, Sta. 24; H. 9581d, H. 9592c, Sta. 25. Turbinaria trialata (J. Agardh) Kiitzing I860, Tab. Phyc. 10: pi. 67, fig. 2; Yendo 1907: 43. Turbinaria vulgaris var. trialata J. Agardh 1848: 268 (tropical western At- lantic) . Jaluit Atoll: D. 13062, Sta. 14. Turbinaria ornata (Turn.) J. Agardh 1848: 266; Taylor 1950: 101, pi. 54, fig. 2, pi. 55, fig. 2; Dawson 1954: 405, fig. 21. Fucus turbinatus var. ornatus Turner 1808: 50, pi. 24, figs, c, d (type locality unknown) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12654, Sta. 4. Fig. 35. Galaxaura fasciculata: Habit photo of a plant of D. 13098, X 1. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13125, Sta. 19. Arno Atoll: H. 9470, Sta. 24. Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Agardh 1883: 15; Tanaka 1952: 14, fig. 7B-E; Taylor 1950: 117. Conferva carnea Dillwyn 1805: 54, pi. 84 (Wales) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12558b, Sta. 1. These represent a quite slender form best referred to Tanaka’s f. tenuis. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13073, Sta. 15. Arno Atoll: H. 9205, H. 9534c, Sta. 24. Falkenbergia hillebrandii (Bornet) Falken- berg = sporophyte generation of Aspara- gopsis taxiformis (Delile) Collins and Her- vey; Feldmann and Feldmann 1942: 89; Dawson 1954: 414, fig. 25l. Polysiphonia hillebrandii Bornet, in Ardissone 1883: 376 (Italy) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12564, D. 12591, Sta. 1. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13084, Sta. 16 (a rather coarse form). Arno Atoll: H. 9358, H. 9598, Sta. 25. Galaxaura fasciculata Kjellman 1900: 53, pi. 5, figs. 1-9, pk 20, fig. 14 (Celebes Islands). Chou 1945: 44, pi. 2, fig. 2, pi. 8, fig- 1 Fig. 35 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13098, Sta. 15. Galaxaura acuminata Kjellman, in Butters 1911: 180 (Hawaii); Svedelius 1953: 63, 46 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Vol. X, January, 1956 Fig. 36. Galaxaura acuminata: Habit of a small part of a plant of D. 13092, 1.5. figs. 53-55, 57-60. Chou 1945: 51, pi. 5, figs. 13-19, ph 9, fig. 1 (as G. apiculata) Fig. 36 Jaluit Atoll: D. 13092, Sta. 17. This abundant material is in complete agreement with Svedelius’ interpretation of this plant. Galaxaura filamentosa Chou 1945: 39, pi. 1, figs. 1-6, pi. 6, fig. 1 (Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico); Dawson 1954: 419, fig. 30a Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12600, Sta. 2. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13082, Sta. 16; D. 13131, Sta. 19. Arno Atoll: H. 9273, Sta. 24, a single small plant. Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsk.) B0rgesen 1932: 6, pi. 1, fig. 4; Dawson 1954: 416, fig. 28b. Fucus fragilis Forskal 1775: 190 (Red Sea) Jaluit Atoll: D. 13039, Sta. 13 (abundant at 5 meters and below); D. 13095, Sta. 17. Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Le Jolis 1864: 139; Dawson 1954: 420, fig. 31a-c. Fucus pusillus Stackhouse 1801: 17, pi. 6 (Eng- land) Kwajalein Atoll: D. 12576, Sta. 1. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13038a, D. 13055 (creep- ing on Amphiroa ), Sta. 13; D. 13078, Sta. 15. Arno Atoll: H. 9224, H. 9230, Sta. 24. Several different forms are present of which some may be referred to var. conchicola Pic- cone and Grunow and others to var. minus- culum Weber van Bosse. Gelidiella adnata Dawson 1954: 422, fig. 33f (Nhatrang, Viet Nam) Arno Atoll: H. 9213, H. 9246, H. 9467a, Sta. 24. These materials are apparently sterile but vegetatively are in agreement with the type and also with similar sterile specimens from Isla San Benedicto, Mexico. The deter- mination is tentative awaiting comparison of reproduction with such similar small species as G. stichidiospora Dawson. Gelidiella tenuissima Feldmann and Hamel 1936: 102 (Mediterranean France); Daw- son 1954: 422, fig. 33e Majuro Atoll: D. 12706, Sta. 6. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13153b, Sta. 21. Arno Atoll: H. 9634b, H. 9640, Sta. 24. Gelidiopsis intricata (Ag.) Vickers 1905: 61; Dawson 1954: 423, fig. 34a-d. Sphae- ro co ecus intricatus C. Agardh 1822: 333 (Ravak Island) Majuro Atoll: D. 12686, Sta. 6; D. 12793, Sta. 11. Jaluit Atoll: D. 13035 (sterile), D. 13040a (